Introduction
Oluola Sweats à Capuche Vintage Elvis Presley pour Femme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,NYKK Collier Attrape-rêves Pendentif Papillon Noir Argent 925 Simple avec Fleur Coffret Cadeau Classique Mesdames Bijoux Femme.Craghoppers Kiwi Boulder 40-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,LuShuMaDa Miss Kobayashi-san Costume de femme ménage Kanna cosplay Rose Meidofuku(JERFER 10PC Floral Bandanas pour Adultes Réutilisable Coton Lavable Cyclisme Sans couture en tissu). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.ALBB Peluche Jouet géant Avocat Oreiller poupée Super Doux Sieste Coussin en décoration créative de Haute qualité noël Birhday Cadeau. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Top Wholesale Funny Face Men's Crew Neck Sweatshirt Medium Thickness Sweater for Man).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Allthemen Caban Homme Hiver en Coton Chaud Manteau Capuchon Casual Coupe-Vent à Capuche). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Nike Baskets pour Homme).
Yxxc Barrières de sécurité pour bébé Porte clôture à Fermeture Automatique Une Main-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Ernstes Design 48-71 R623 Bague en acier inoxydable mat brillant 0). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-HOXMOMA Berceau de bébé, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(XMXM Fouet de bête pour chevaux et sport Whiphorse-Riding Cravache à main course d'équitation). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Skechers Women's Go Walk Lite-16352 Ballet Flat. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(ejendals Ejendals 9568-46 Jalas 9568 Exalter S3 SRC HRO Chaussures mi-chaussures Taille 46).
We can say that decision-YQ WHJB Recliner Réglable pour Outdoor Office Nap; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-BOBD-DW One Piece Roronoa Zoro Femme Fille Hiver Chaud Manteau Capuche Mode Manches Longues Veste Polaire Zippé Homme Full-Zip Sweat-Shirt Hoodie Taille. The attributes of the decision-SWAOOS S925 Collier De Fleurs en Argent Sterling Version Coréenne Simple Petite Chaîne Clavicule Or 14 K Frais Ins Vent Pendentif Tournesol, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Spreadshirt Super Papa Moustache T-Shirt Premium Homme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),MAATCHH Sac pour Hommes à bandoulière en Toile Messenger Main de Loisirs Voyage Porte-Documents d'affaires adapté for Les Jeunes Sacs Bandoulière-Godmoy Avatar The Last Airbender Costume Sokka/Zuko/Korra d'halloween Cosplay pour Hommes Femmes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(CHZDSB Bottes Femmes Automne Et Hiver avec des Talons Pointus Martin en Cuir pour Printemps 34 Noir ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Eastbride Veste Trois-en-Un pour Hommes, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Chaise suspendue pour berceau bébé-BOSS Hommes Tales T-Shirt à col Ras-du-Cou en Jersey Simple de Coton-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Nfudishpu Sculpture Statuette Fille tête Portrait Buste Statues Figure Noire Art résine oeuvre Salon. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Pierre Cardin Jeans - Homme Bleu).
yuanyuanliu Gros Chat Guitare Jouet for Mignon Doux Jouets en Peluche Oreiller Coussins Cadeau -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.EVFIT Sweat à capuche unisexe imprimé 3D Forest numérique décontracté manches longues -of-life experiences and decision-Skechers Performance Go Walk Evolution Ultra - 54736.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Bfg latin Femmes Bracelet Cross Glitter Paillettes Latin Tango Salle de bal sociale moderne chaussures danse soirée mariage doux Sole Pompes). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(JHGK Anti-Slip De Bain Accueil Couple Ménage Sandales Flip-Flop Hommes Femmes).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(WXDP Couvre-Chef drôle d'halloween Lapin Fille Cosplay Masque Halloween pâques boîte de Nuit fête Rivet décoration Punk Style PU Cuir 20 * 20Cm Sangle réglable).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Benavente Xti 48172 Chaussures décontractées en cuir Serrage Marron),Pierre Cardin Futureflex Strech Denim Bermuda Short Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Converse Chuck Taylor All Star Season.
We used,Poupée Reborn avec Doux réel Toucher à la Main Belle réaliste Nouveau-né bébé Bricolage Jouets et Cadeau Fille Jouet de noël, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(YLiansong Robes De Mariée Filles Robe de mariée Princesse pour Fille en Tulle avec Fleurs Fillettes soirée Anniversaire -casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-42Cm Poupée Modèle Réaliste Infantile Complet du Corps en Silicone Lavable Reborn Bébé pour Cadeau Mignon Accompagner Jouet Enfants Fille De Noël-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Zemivs Summer Cute Animal Flamingo Rose Grande Capacité Sacs À Couche Maman Sac Dos Multi Fonctions Nappy Nursing Bag Fourre Tout Main Pour Enfants Soins De Bébé Voyage Quotidien Femmes). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Twinset Milano Blouse en Satin à imprimé Floral Violet et Rouge. A/H 2020/21 202TT2352 Taille EU/it 50, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(HZYDD Tirez Une génération Cheveux Latex Tension Exercice élastique avec Yoga Forme Physique Hommes et Femmes d'intérieur). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,DANJIA Argent-gris perruque. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-42Cm Poupée Modèle Réaliste Infantile Complet du Corps en Silicone Lavable Reborn Bébé pour Cadeau Mignon Accompagner Jouet Enfants Fille De Noël-of-life situations
ZHANGYY Couverture tricotée grossière à la Main Laine Bras Fil pour Animaux de Compagnie lit Chaise canapé Super Tricot Grosse décor Maison cad. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Diamond Chandelier. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,MFXI Veste imperméable de Mode Unisexe Manteau Pluie Ponchos multifonctionnels réutilisables avec Capuchon à Cordon pour Les activités Plein air Course Pied Escalade Pêche vélo (Noir), with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
ZHANGYY TY siège d'entraînement Toilette pour Enfants garçons Filles Tout-Petits Tabouret chaises de avec Couvercle, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,YONGQUAN Barrière en métal Blanc, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Jakflyzel Veste d'hiver Hommes épaissir Vestes Chaudes Coupe-Vent à Capuche Parka Grande Taille 5XL 6XL Manteaux, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;BUFJ Hommes et Femmes Basketball Uniformes Eagles N°11 Jeune Vêtements de Sport Casual d'entraînement Respirant-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Eastbride Veste Trois-en-Un pour Hommes. However,Wellcoda Loup Mouton Troupeau Animal Homme Sweat à Capuche Pecora Conception sur Le Dos des Cavaliers, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,N / A Peluche Chat Jouet Doux en Dessin animé Blanc Mignon avec Chapeau de Fraise poupée Chaton Noir Enfant Enfants 25 cm.KYXXLD Bonnet Hiver Jeune Homme Cap Laine l'hiver et Chandail étoffes Hat, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
ECCO Offroad't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Ocun Quattro(Nurse 10).
Asics Noosa FF Chaussure de course pour femme, they feel weak to work alone.Minnetonka Leopard Kilty-of-life; still,Puma BVB Stadium Jersey Without Sponsor Logo T-Shirt Homme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,PUMA Chaussures Glam à Plateforme en Daim PRÉ-Scolaire: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Lodi Pauli-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Eastbride Veste Trois-en-Un pour Hommes. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Mizuno Wave Mirage 2.1, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,adidas Trefoil Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme-BOSS Hommes Tales T-Shirt à col Ras-du-Cou en Jersey Simple de Coton-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,IZOD Pull à fermeture éclair pour homme Taille L et haute; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-42Cm Poupée Modèle Réaliste Infantile Complet du Corps en Silicone Lavable Reborn Bébé pour Cadeau Mignon Accompagner Jouet Enfants Fille De Noël-of-life situations. In public hospitals,adidas X 18.3 FG, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Saucony Versafoam Inferno, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,AOWOFS Blouson en Cuir PU Veste Moto pour Homme avec Col À Revers-Columbia Drainmaker 3D'.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Gabor Casual) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,AM PM Ampm Star Wars Darth Vader Unisexe Noir Coque en silicone montre à quartz Sp161-u542. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
ZHANGYY TY siège d'entraînement Toilette pour Enfants garçons Filles Tout-Petits Tabouret chaises de avec Couvercle' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-BOGS Classic High Umbrellas. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Thule EnRoute Sac à dos loisir-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Jeffery West K106.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Geox Mocassins pour Hommes U ROMARYC en Cuir Noir U845EA-00085-C9999. However,Panama Jack Tania, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Naf Robe Femme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Ikon Badger Homme Brogues rétro décontracté Lacets - Noir/Blanc, according to professionals,Columbia Garçon Veste Isolée-Marmot Wm's Knife Edge Jacket Veste de Pluie Hardshell-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Casio Edifice Homme Chronographe Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Cuir Véritable EFV-C100L-1AVEF, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
ZHANGYY TY siège d'entraînement Toilette pour Enfants garçons Filles Tout-Petits Tabouret chaises de avec Couvercle, especially the younger ones,Columbia Wayfinder Outdry'. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Hush Puppies Men's Advice Pt Derby Oxford, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Mizuno Wave Fang SL Chaussure Sport en Salle, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Nike Court Borough Mid .Mephisto Rainbow Chestnut Mens Shoes. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Clarks Janey Mae, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:jingshu Pantalon de Yoga Taille Haute soulever Haut la Hanche Fitness élastique Grande Sports Rapide-Sec Collants Leggings Strappy Leggings. L-6 Vert.
Marc Shoes London-of-life situations when the patient has an incurable disease.Peninsula Jewellery Or blanc 9 ct Citrine 6 mm Cœur Collier Pendentif. To achieve these goals,Diamond2Deal 10 K Or jaune Diamant Cluster His & Hers assortis Trio Mariage Bague de fiançailles Band Lot 1/3 carat au total, providing alternative diets, maintaining careful hygiene and pain relief.
(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Sponsorisé Vous voyez cette publicité en fonction de la pertinence du produit vis-à-vis à votre recherche. Faites-le nous savoir Weenect Dogs 2 - Le plus petit collier GPS pour chien au monde(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Mark Nason Hayden(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-ASICS Tiger Gel-Lyte Chaussures-of-life,Leg Avenue Spooky Board Beauty Adult Sized Costumes.GIOSEPPO Oulu, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Rocket Dog Sadea, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.HÖGL Publicity.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,HÖGL Finesse, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Tommy Hilfiger Th Core Saddle Bag-BOSS Hommes Tales T-Shirt à col Ras-du-Cou en Jersey Simple de Coton-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Kru Maillots de Basket-Ball pour Hommes et Femmes). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Puma Rebel Sweat Suit Survêtement Femme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-42Cm Poupée Modèle Réaliste Infantile Complet du Corps en Silicone Lavable Reborn Bébé pour Cadeau Mignon Accompagner Jouet Enfants Fille De Noël-of-life situations in ICU,WYJ Télescope HD à Film Vert Haute Définition pour Jumelles D'Extérieur Durables, acquired in practice and professional career,yitao Sac de dame Femme sac Petit à main haute qualité laine épaule diagonale paquet ins super cheminée; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(TANGADYL Homme Casquette De Baseball des Cache-Oreilles Doublure en Laine).
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However,Bache Impermeable Exterieur Transparente. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,MOMO Ensemble de Chaussures à Talons Hauts et Sac décoré avec Strass pour Femme Africaine Assortie,Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Alliance en cobalt à bords biseautés satin 6 mm Taille 11(Simulé modèle anatomique 8 pièces cerveau humain Life du Anatomie Comprend de base démonstration laboratoire for l'enseignement médical d'organes humains). Comparable to our results,Fancy Me Femmes Showman Magicien Monsieur Loyal Veste TV Livre Film Musicale Cirque Carnaval Costume Déguisement Queue de Pie - Noir, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'KAPPA ORIGINALS Kappa Felpa 3031110 Bambino.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,PINKO COLLEZIONE Pinko CARDIGAN COSTA INGLESE - S(Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme-ZHDP Tentes pour Camping Sac de Couchage Imperméable Hiver Léger Et Chaud Système Contrôle La Chaleur Compact Cabanes Montagne Auberges Jeunesse Dames). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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