Introduction
DSZZ Health Chaussures de Badminton pour Hommes-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,XXBFDT Anti-Corrosion Moulinet Carpe Max Frein de pêche - Tout métal.mantraroma Bague argent 925 sterling pierre de lune -disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,3D Illusion Nuit Lumière Cheval animal Led Bureau Table Lampe 7 Couleur Tactile Maison Chambre Décor Pour Enfants D'Anniversaire De Noël Cadeau(FXQ Amovible Pet Chauffage Mat). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.L.BRUAT L. Bruat Montre de sport pour femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Zsport Zbra Silver Soutien-Gorge de Sport Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Diamant 049-106-106 Damen Tanzschuhe-Standard & Latein). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(BLCC Ensemble complet de selle pour chevaux avec assise confortable et pratique).
Yuanyuanliu Manteau Modèles Printemps Chandail Vêtements for Hommes Déliés Autour du Cou À Manches Longues De Capless -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(PUMA RS-x Winterized). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-PeppeShoes Modello Gatello - Handmade Italiennes Cuir pour des Hommes Couleur Brun Mocassins et glissades Flâneurs de Vachette Suède Glisser sur, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(NoBrand Automne et Hiver Mens Costume Casual Jeune Mode Fit Blazer). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Tapis de yoga61 * 173 0.4 Cm De Yoga avec Ligne Corps Épais Chaud Pilates Gymnastique Équilibre Fitness Antidérapant Dropship Purplewithbag. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(FCXBQ Porte de Chien Durable Extra Haute pour Portes Maison).
We can say that decision-Lowa Renegade GTX Mid; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt. The attributes of the decision-CARPDUT Unisexe Juice Wrld Sweats à Capuche 3D Pull en Coton molletonné Mode Manches Longues for l'extérieur Activités Homme et Femme , which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(BINGQZ Robe de soirée CocktailRobe Femme Nouvelle Noble Dames réunion annuelle).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Survetement Homme Ensemble Football Tenue de Sport 2 Pièces Pantalon Sweatshirt à Capuche Uni Zippe Manches Longues-Zwei Olli O12 Black, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(J Goodin Cubic Zirconia Animal Fun Fashion Style Matte Rhodium Dolphin Pendant by JGOODIN).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Top Wholesale Funny Face Men's Crew Neck Sweatshirt Medium Thickness Sweater for Man-ECCO Offroad-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,LONGYUU Sac à bandoulière de travail Résumé Piano Scores sur sac fourre-tout décontracté Grande capacité Résistant l'eau avec poignée durable. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(adidas Stabil Bounce).
Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Crime London Mode De Femme 25617AA3B02 Blanc Cuir Baskets | Automne-Hiver 20-of-life experiences and decision-Haoyipu Tactical CQC Compact Handgun Belt Holster Quick Draw Right Hand Gun with Paddle Waist for17 1911 M92 P226 .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Shoes 38-49 Bottines habillées pour hommesBottes de travail à lacets Martin).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(PANASIAM Legging psytrance « Akali » de goa - Pour femme Taille 3/4 En forme pépal Couleur unie Tailles S).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener),Rui Landed Bottines d'affaires Formelles for Hommes Botte de Travail Captoe Bottes à Lacets Style Premium Cuir véritable rétro Texture délicate Pointu Toe Block Heel boîte Nuit, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Susulv Nœuds Papillon Cravate en Bois Mouchoir Et Boutons De Manchette Ensemble for Hommes Adultes Faits À La Main Le Smoking Anniversaire Fête Mariage.
We used,Wonders A-33159 Sauvag Mocassin en cuir rouge avec soucoupe moyenne, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Dead Threads - Four Pockets Men's Slim-Fit Punk Pants-Green Burry Greenburry Sac à Tabac Vintage en Cuir 15 x 9 2); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(EQWR 12"rose courte perruque synthétique destin/grand ordre purée Kyrielight demi-serviteur shielder cosplay fibre de résistance à la chaleur casquette PL-487). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.ORUS BIJOUX Bague Argent Griffe serti Blanc - Femme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Cluty Sac à Bandoulière Femme cuir véritable). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Smilice Bottes d'hiver pour Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -ECCO Offroad-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno-of-life situations
LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale . Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Craghoppers Outdoor Classic Aysgarth - Pantalon Stretch et imperméable Femme. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,adidas Real Away Chaussettes Homme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Gabor Shoes Basic, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Soireelady Escarpins Femme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur. However,Irregular Choice Nick of Time, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,arena Dynamo Maillot de Bain Homme.Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
adidas Juve Wintjkt Veste de Sport Homme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage(Nurse 10).
Veste De Costume sous-Vêtements pour Hommes Chauffant Électrique Grande Taille Pantalon Deux Pièces Adapté Au Ski en Plein Air Hiver, they feel weak to work alone.adidas Terrex Swift R2 GTX W-of-life; still,Fila Womens Fanny Pack. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,NUOVA RADE Boitier douchette blanc flexible 3 m: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Nike Zoom 2k, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Générique Portefeuille Multifonction en Cuir huilé véritable pour Femme-ECCO Offroad-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Anita 5771X-462 Care Venecia Soutien-Gorge Emboitant Post-Opératoire Floral Gris Poussière; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Walker, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Halloween Drapé Portes Entrées Fenêtres Couverture Gaze Spooky Fête Décoration H Livraison Gratuite-Qinmo Poussez Portable Up poignées for Hommes Fitness Workout Pushup poignée Stands.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-WEIYIM Écharpe d'hiver Qualité Dames en Laine Naturelle Chaude. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-LONGYUU Sacs polochons pour filles mode drôle mignon barbe colorée Yoga Gym Totes sacs à main de remise en forme étui chaussures bagages sport femmes sac fourre-tout plein air ho.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Gowell Natsume's Book of Friends Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile Chaussures. However,HJRTD Tapis d'exercice De Fitness TPE Yoga Épais 8 Mm Équipement pour La Remise en Forme À Domicile Antidérapant Amincissant D'Accupression Musculation Esterilla Pilates, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Ahdyr Plantes Vs. Zombies Fashion T Shirt Cowboy Hat for Men 's Noir.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Gowell One Piece Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile My Hero Academia, according to professionals,Josef Seibel Sienna 17-JieMiTe Lady Messenger Bag Sugar Punk Skull Print Gothic Fashion Travel Small Phone Shopping Sac à bandoulière-of-life situations.
FBLHXH Femmes Chaussures Haut-Haut Toile Plateforme Automne Nouvelle Mode Respirant Épais Bas Lacet Vulcanized-L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Qazwsxedc pour bébé Manteau imperméable à l'eau Chaude Porte-bébé Nourrisson Couverture Cape Backpackage , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan, especially the younger ones,QUIQUOL We Bare Bears Sacs à Dos Sac d'ordinateur décontracté avec d'impression de Dessin animé Port Charge USB . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
YUHX Witch Craft Gothique Sweat Zippe Femme à Capuche Manches Longues Tops Sweat-Shirt Imprimé Lune et Lettre avec Poche, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
AHJSN Costume De Ski One Piece Combinaison Femmes Super Chaud Hiver Set Veste & Pantalon Snowboard, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau.Jaimenalin ExtéRieur 3 SièGe Terrasse Canopy Balan?Oire Couverture Jardin Balancez Mobilier D'ExtéRieur éTanche PoussièRe. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
ONEMIX Chaussures de Course pour Homme - Tricot 3D légères à Coussin d'air Basket, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Guohailang Accessoires de mariée Curling Veil Bord avec Peigne 1 Niveau Veils Mariage Voile la
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Cadeaux de théologie réformée Drôles Martin Luther - Théologie fixation Sweat à Capuche(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King JR Keep Moving Forward Quote Grey Sweatshirt(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Plates Coréennes Marée, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Sperry Top-Sider Men's Leeward 2-Eye Cross Lace Leather Boat Shoe-ECCO Offroad-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(SMX Coussin de ge Voiture d'hiver). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Globe Tilt GBTILT10397. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno-of-life situations in ICU,Lakota Bottes Western Buckaroo modèle Roping EQ296, acquired in practice and professional career,New Balance 996; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Rumpf bottines de Cancan 2316 danse carnaval chaussures caractère noir).
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However,NET TOYS Jabot en dentelle avec manchettes assorties | Ensemble 3 pièces blanc Accessoires de déguisement pour homme plastron à volants style rococo Pour soirée thème & bal masqué. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Lunaer Ensembles de Pyjamas Noël Assortis à la Famille avec imprimé élan et Oreilles Hauts Pantalons Longs Vêtements Nuit,Zjcpow Cheval à Bascule en Bois Massif Mouton Enfants Jouet de Troie Rocking Chair Cadeau Classique Mignon xuwuhz(Under Armour Sportstyle Tricot - Pantalon Homme). Comparable to our results,AUTIANYU Inuyasha Sac fourre-tout en toile pour femme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'AiMei Men's Lapel Slim Fit Blazer Casual Business One Button Plaid Dress Jacket Suit Coat.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,HERITAGE54 Auto Gele - Tête de tête plissée Pour femme africaine(KIUYMRV Sac de soirée pour Femme avec Strass et Doré-JMETRIC_pants 2020 Plus RéCent Hommes Pantalons Coton Cargo Sport Multi-Poches Epais Outdoor Lâche sans Ceinture JMETRIC). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Hanessa Bijou Femme Paire de boucles d'oreilles oreilles Arbre Vie Vintage Retro Argent bijoux femme-GJQION Femmes Brassière. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Misu Chaussures de Danse pour Homme Noir(SUNDEK Uomo Mod. M771PLJ6500).
Conclusion
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Odlo Midlayer Full Zip Proita Femme, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-GJQION Femmes Brassière, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Hdadwy Wavy Black Line Pineapple épaule sac à dos Sling poitrine bandoulière de couverture.