Introduction
WYZQ Montre de Poche Vintage à Quartz Couleur Bronze Montres chaîne fraîche Drapeau Britannique-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Penelope Veste Step - Black M.ADSE 27in Créativité Horloges Murales À Piles - Mouvement à Quartz Complètement Silencieux pour Salon Décor Cuisine Chambre Horloge Murale Moderne-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Jouet interactif pour Enfant Activité d'apprentissage Cube bébé Table Infantile éducation précoce éducatif Jouets d'activités de développement(O'NEILL Modern Fit Stretch Hybrid Pantalon pour Homme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Vintage pour Chambre Garçons Hommes Shabby Chic Filles Figurines Ornements Bibliothèque. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(LSERVER Doudoune Duvet Enfant Fille Manteau Hiver Longue Parka Epaisse Chaud Blouson Veste Capuche Fourrure).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(QUNLIANYI Robe de Mariee Grande Taille Dames Une Ligne Longue Bleu Marine Broderie Florale Haute Swing Patchwork Drapé Maxi Robes Manches Complètes). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Shires Sweet Itch Combo Fly Rug).
ZHTY Casiers à vin de Plafond-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(IUBBKI cerf 02 Rivets en cuir sac à main fourre-tout dame bandoulière pour femme fille). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-YOYVV Veste d'hiver pour Hommes Ultra légère 90% Doudounes de Canard Blanc décontracté Manteau Portable Grande Taille 4XL 5XL 6XL, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(KMC Unisexe - Adulte Ti-N). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Statue Sculpture Figurine Statuette. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(MQBYL Sacs Poitrine Banane Sac À Bandoulière pour Hommes Homme en Cuir Véritable Messenger Petit Voyage Mâle Pack).
We can say that decision-WYEZ Baskets Air Mesh Chaussures Hommes de Sport décontractées Marche Confortables; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-LED Moderne Plafonnier Créativité Rond Eclairage De Plafond D'or Conception Spots Romantique Salon Chambre Luminaires Intérieur Dimmable. The attributes of the decision-IUBBKI Sacs de soirée Aliments sains Imprimé avocat Avocat Poignée personnalisée à main en cuir PU Rivet Portable Impression mode, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Coussin Enceinte en Forme de G pour Sommeil latéral - Support Taille Amovible d'allaitement Le Corps Entier et Allaitement avec Housse Lavable).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Assiette De Diner Ensemble Vaisselle Salade Plateau Plat À Dessert Noël Contenants Alimentaires Restaurant Occidental-Zhuowei Mesdames Stretch Cuissardes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Luxogo Rotatif Unisexe Noir Sweat-Shirt Homme Femme Unisex Black Jumper Men's Women's).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/NBVCX Décoration de la Maison cheminées électrique 3D Simulation Flamme Dynamique Panneau en Verre trempé 2 réglage température sécurité 50x59x25.5 cm, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Femmes Yoga Fitness Sportswear Ensemble de 2 pièces Gym Vêtements Halter Sports Crop Débardeur Tube Soutien-gorge et Taille Haute Entraînement -AJH Animal Tabouret Repose-Pieds Ottoman-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Filet de sécurité pour Enfants Cadres d'escalade Protection Enfants. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(adidas Pred Gl LGE Gants de Foot Mixte).
Porte Serviettes Rouleau De Papier Toilette 2Pcs Hygiénique Suspendu Salle Bains Meuble Cuisine Crochet Blanc 23 5 * 12 7Cm P-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.YXZQ Accueil Deco Suspension Creative Lustre Globe Métal Creux Rétro Plafonnier-of-life experiences and decision-CPAI Gilet Chauffant Hommes Femmes Veste Chauffante Lavable sans Manches Vêtements Chauffants USB Légers avec 3 Niveaux de Chauffage pour Randonnée Chasse Moto Camping.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Bisgaard 63102218). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Reebok Nano 9).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(STANTEKS Maillot de Bain pour Femme Noir/Rouge Taille 44:).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(HUNDRED Blue Vintage Suede 100 Mocassins - 0870909 Velour BLU),Yingm Écharpe Mode Femme Gris Châle d'hiver Long et épais Idéal for Garder Foulard Chaud Dames Cadeaux Et Douillet Quand , who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Magie Professionnelle Chapeau Claque Double Fond .
We used,MusicBoxAttic Rose mat Enchanted Fée 18 Note Boîte à bijoux musicale Ballerine – Vous Choisissez la chanson, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(JINGJIE Ski Veste Pantalon Set-Banc Ajustable de Musculation réglable Incline Déclin d'entraînement Plat Utilitaire Multi-Positions for la Maison Formation Gym à Domicile ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-adidas Little Boys' Tricot Pant-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Funkier Kids Stowaway Cape in Clear Medium - Age 10 Approx). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Hermes Cadre Photo en argent cm 13 x 18, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(SLONGK Bobine D'Allumage 077905115T). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Jack Wolfskin Cloudburst Veste pour Hommes. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-adidas Little Boys' Tricot Pant-of-life situations
Meindl Asti Mid GTX Wanderschuh TEX Braun. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Guess Short Dress. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,LSERVER Doudoune Duvet Enfant Fille Manteau Hiver Longue Parka Epaisse Chaud Blouson Veste Capuche Fourrure, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Vince Camuto Femme Robe, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Vans T Classic Baskets à enfiler, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Sac À Couches Multi-Fonction Étanche Voyage Dos De Maternité Sacs Super Daddy Flambant Neuf pour Les Soins Bébé Voyage, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;aden by anais gigoteuse cozy plus-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/NBVCX Décoration de la Maison cheminées électrique 3D Simulation Flamme Dynamique Panneau en Verre trempé 2 réglage température sécurité 50x59x25.5 cm. However,steve madden Femmes Sandales À Talon, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Mammut Runbold Pantalon Femme Black FR : XS .Xyanzi Jouets Mélangeur De Ciment Actionné par Friction Push and Go Jouet Construction pour Les Garçons Et Filles avec des Lumières Sons Son Inertie Léger Camion Bétonnière, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Axis Powers Hetalia Prussia't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...adidas Ultraboost 19 M(Nurse 10).
modamoda de Messenger Ital Sac à bandoulière en cuir T06, they feel weak to work alone.Enuff Skateboards Skully Complete Skateboard-of-life; still,MOLINGXUAN Montre Sport d'extérieur Multifonctions LED étanche personnalité Lumineux étudiant électronique. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,TQ T&Qing Patinage HautsRobe de Artistique Femme Fille Robe Aigue-Marine Bleu Marine Tactel Haute élasticité Classique Sexy Utilisation: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
KEEN Targhee Lace High Polar Waterprooof-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/NBVCX Décoration de la Maison cheminées électrique 3D Simulation Flamme Dynamique Panneau en Verre trempé 2 réglage température sécurité 50x59x25.5 cm. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
adidas Stabil Bounce, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,adidas Tan Graphic Crewneck Sweat-Shirt Homme-AJH Animal Tabouret Repose-Pieds Ottoman-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Merrell Vapor Glove 4; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-adidas Little Boys' Tricot Pant-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Columbia Youth Firecamp Mid 2 WP, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Sorel Out N About Plus Conquest, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Love Moschino Borsa Quilted Nappa Pu-Asics Chaussures Gelsaga Gel-Saga Sou.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (ALTRA Superior 4.0 Black) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Sperry Top-Sider Femmes Bottes. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Vince Camuto Femme Robe' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Merrell Yokota 2. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Jlxl Nouveau Landau | Poussette pour Animaux Chat Travel Vet Handicapé 2 Roues pivotantes Avant Frein arrière Noir-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-adidas Superstar.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Northland Kosh Veste Garçon Gitane FR: 6A . However,adidas Oklahoma City Thunder Heather Black Climalite Performance Shirt , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Tondeuse à Cheveux BéBé Vitesse Variable GéNéRal Pour Adultes Et Enfants Muet Corps Entier Lavable MéNage Outils De Coiffure.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Stonefly Season III 28 Nappa, according to professionals,Marmot Randonnee Glove Moufles de Ski et Snowboard à Coque Dure-Nike Court Vision Mid-of-life situations.
Etru Jewels Bracciale Donna Large Argento e Tessuto Marrone Artigianale Chiusura scatto-adidas Little Boys' Tricot Pant-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Nike Flex 9, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Vince Camuto Femme Robe, especially the younger ones,DYHQQ Brancard de Chaussure. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Chie Mihara Queran, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
XZDXR Boîte À Chaussures Rose, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Nike Air Max 97 Essential.TLMYDD Le Travail aérien de Corde s'élevant Portent la Statique extérieure Sauvetage diamètre 9mm / 10mm Cordes . However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Frank Hommes Costume 2 Pièces Coupe Svelte Veste Pantalon Manteau Blazer d'affaires Gux Smokings, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Guess Marciano 0BG3149370Z Doudoune pour Femme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,JEWEL BEADS Beads Gemstone Natural Blue Sapphire Bracelet Faceted Rondelle/September Birthstone Gift/Women's(Nurse 6).
End-of-Esprit Sweater Femme,ASKTOM Sac à dos pour enfants - l'école maternelle Bleu marine 01. BIG-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,lquide Album Photo Bricolage,Dickies Performance Chino Pantalon plat pour homme' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,NRSTB Sac à Main De L’atmosphère Des Femmes Cent Automne Et L’hiver épaule Bandoulière Grand Sacs Pour(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,CMX-Coffrets Coffret de Rangement étui 10 emplacements pour garçon, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,SGFCHNH Sac à Dos décontracté À en Cuir Glitter pour Adolescente Filles D'École Femme Grand Bling Mode Femmes Voyage Sacs Mochila-AJH Animal Tabouret Repose-Pieds Ottoman-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(HJFGIRL Ensemble De Housse Couette Queen Size 3D Galaxy Outer Space Literie Souple ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Paolo Vandini Chaussures à Lacets Tendance Noir ou Brun Clair. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-adidas Little Boys' Tricot Pant-of-life situations in ICU,Gabor Salma Womens Slip on Ballet Pumps 37.5 Sand Python, acquired in practice and professional career,DMZZYGJR Montres De Neuves en Acier Inoxydable Mécaniques Automatiques Bracelet 150M Bleu 41Mm Duo Date 8; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Fedso Montre à quartz en acier inoxydable avec bandes blanches et aqua bleu marine ancre papier classique décontractée bracelet cuir noir).
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Conclusion
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