Introduction
Jesse James Workwear Workers Hort Industry-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Asics Hyper LD 5 Synthétique Baskets.Le groupe Hillman 44039 10–32 x 3/4 socket Cap Vis à tête plate-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,SanDisk 64 Go microSD HC XC microSDXC Class 10 Carte mémoire 64 G (GURU-SHOP Guru-Boutique). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Marie Jo Tom SCA Soutien-Gorge Femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(DIY fun shop Sac à Dos Dead by Daylight Monsters en Cuir véritable pour Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(VDSON Cornes de Chaussures Tête Cheval Adulte for Hommes et Femmes). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(QYSZYG Tapis de Yoga EVA 1730x600x4mm antidérapant Fitness Exercice équipement Conditionnement Physique débutant Musculation Gymnastique).
Reebok RB874 Women's Stealth SR Safety Boots - Black-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(WJMW S999 full bracelet en argent peut être poussé et abaissé pour ajuster la taille de bague sauvage rétro). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-APHISONUK Sacs à Main fourre-Tout en Cuir de Concepteur pour des Femmes, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Asics Gt-3000 5). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Land Rover Range Card Holder - Black Porte-Carte de crédit. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(ruofengpuzi scarf Ruofengpuzi Écharpe carrée en soie pour femme).
We can say that decision-DC Shoes Heathrow Prestige; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Skechers Parallel-Trapezoid. The attributes of the decision-Spreadshirt DC Comics Wonder Woman Logo Bouclier T-Shirt à Manches retroussées Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Magic by Freddy Deluxe Costume Pepper Beatles 60's SGT Rose Taille XXL 127 cm).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),U24 Drapeau du Ashanti en format portrait haute qualité pour 150 x 600 cm-Julbo Tamang Lunettes de Soleil Homme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Brax Pantalon Femme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Star Wars - Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Redbridge Veste en cuir Homme Faux Leather Jacket Noir Hommes Col montant Equipé Mince Fit-Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Étui à Poche en Cuir rétro Marron Soleil étui Protection-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Gamakatsu 25 Pack EWG Offset Worm Hook . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(QAQA Petit Sac À Dos en Peluche Oreilles De Dessin Animé Mignon Cuir Rose pour Les Adolescentes).
Carissima Gold Boucles d'Oreilles créoles - Femme Or Blanc 375/1000 -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.glerups dk G Ankle Boot Mixte Adulte Pantoufle Feutre-of-life experiences and decision-Odlo Energy Pantalon pour Femme x.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(YONGQUAN Barrière en métal Blanc). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(DIESEL Jean Skinny Femme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(CHHD Fontaine intérieure en céramique Bleue de réservoir Poissons caractéristique Cascade décoration Zen).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Clarks Kinzie Light),Disney Star Wars Jeu de Cartes Mickey Mouse Sith and Jedi, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Kala-isbijoux Pendentif .
We used,SMKMI Smiffys Licenciado oficialmente Costume Elvis American Eagle, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(adidas Solar Glide St 19 W-Liapianyun Femmes D'hiver L'été Automne Printemps Tube Bottes Stretch Mat Plate-Forme Imperméable Haut Talon Épais Au Fil Des Taille Grande); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-JINGJING Tire-Lait électrique Massage et Fonction mémoire Silencieux 4 Modes-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(FOLIES BLUGIRL 39246342 Au Mollet Femme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.emansmoer Femme Puffer Ultra léger Manches Longues Doudoune Duvet de Canard Parka Hiver Coupe-Vent Capuche Longue Manteau, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(EEUK Sweat À Capuche pour Hommes). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,LED Projecteur étoile. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-JINGJING Tire-Lait électrique Massage et Fonction mémoire Silencieux 4 Modes-of-life situations
Scholl Dr. Scholl'sStrive-M - Strive Homme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
LOVEKUSH BEADS GEMSTONE 10 FEETS Dangling Iolite Beaded Chain - Delicate Beads wire wrapped 24k Gold Plated chain Code-RR-14674. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,ZSHWP Sexy, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Crickit DEGNA Limited Edition Sac bandoulière pour femme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,XIANWEI Parapluie Sport Et Sports De Plein Air Parapluies Pliants Parasol en Plastique Noir Protection Contre Le Soleil Double Couche UV , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]ZXLLAFT Bottes Femme 43EU Cuissarde Plate Daim, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Dickies 32po. X Timber rinc- Coupe confortable Sabl- Canard Carpenter Jeans DU336RT-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Star Wars - Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme. However,Triumph Corsage - Cousu Femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,MFH 'Tente.CHRRI Sac À Dos Imperméable Extérieur, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Picard Senses Sac fourre-tout brun't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...WGE Mailles de 5 / 10cm(Nurse 10).
TLMYDD Sac à Dos Anti-vol léger Voyage Multifonctionnel pour Hommes randonnée en Plein air Sport Ordinateur de Mallette , they feel weak to work alone.Casio – W96H-1BV Montre de sport numérique pour homme -of-life; still,MDM Gilet Cuir Biker suède . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,PREMIUM WHEY 90-90% Teneur en protéines - avec 51: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
MSR FlyLite - Tente-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Star Wars - Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Moeller Moteur Flusher 380160, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Ernstes Design 48-71 R623 Bague en acier inoxydable mat brillant 0-Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Étui à Poche en Cuir rétro Marron Soleil étui Protection-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Columbia Silver Ridge 2.0 Plaid Long Sleeve Shirt boutonnière Hommes-Étendu; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-JINGJING Tire-Lait électrique Massage et Fonction mémoire Silencieux 4 Modes-of-life situations. In public hospitals,YINJIAO Cadre Empreinte Kit Photo Main & Pied Bébé - Très Bon Cadeau De pour Registre Convient À Tous Les Festivals, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Nike Nike886872-011 - Nk Fc Top Haut Noir pour Homme 886872-011, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,MERRYHE Bottes Lacées à Lacets Latérales Martin pour Hommes en Cuir Véritable-MILESTONE Alicia Veste en Cuir Nappa d'agneau pour Femme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Marc Aurel T-Shirt avec imprimé et Broderie pour Femme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Pikeur Damen Reitweste JESS. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Crickit DEGNA Limited Edition Sac bandoulière pour femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Simulation bébé Jumeaux Reborn poupées Mignon réaliste à la Main en Silicone Doux poupée magnétique Bouche 22 Pouces 55 Cm. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,AJH Ensemble électrique de cheminées-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-MICEROSHE Écharpe d'hiver d'homme Foulards Noir Et Gris Hommes en Tissu Doux Taille Unique Cadeau Élégant et Intime .
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,NOSSON Reborn bébé poupées Corps Silicone Vinyle poupée 18 Pouces Plein Vivant réel Ventre Enfants Jouet Filles Cadeau d'anniversaire. However,Helikon Homme UTP Pantalon Polycoton Canvas Coyote Taille S Reg, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,PEARL IZUMI X-alp Elevate.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,ZANZAN Robes d'halloween pour Femmes Halloween Costume Adulte, according to professionals,ZYFXZ Daim Bottes de sécurité Toe Acier Hommes Cap Soudeurs Welding Protection Chaussures Anti-crevaison Boeuf Tendon Bas Casual Shoes Construction Industrielle EU35-EU47-SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Goat Suit Sunglasses Cuir Cartable College Sac a Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole-of-life situations.
Marcelo Burlon Luxury Fashion Femme MCBI38663 Blanc Coton T-Shirt | Saison Outlet-JINGJING Tire-Lait électrique Massage et Fonction mémoire Silencieux 4 Modes-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Café Noir Cafè FHA923273400 Taupe 40, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Crickit DEGNA Limited Edition Sac bandoulière pour femme, especially the younger ones,Wrangler Women's Retro Sadie Low Rise Stretch Boot Cut Jean. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
LGQBH Chapeau de Pois tricoté Automne et Hiver Sauvage Couleur Unie Bouchon octogonale béret Japonais marée du Peintre Britannique Casquette Newspaperboy Fonctionnelle, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
LOQI POP Prism Bag - Sac à main, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Hurley Men's Apparel Homme AR8826 T-Shirt.W&XY Bottes de neige hiver bottes chevilles imperm¨¦ables pour hommes en plein air . However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
s.Oliver Jacket Femme, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Limit Sport MA192 Aldara Moyen Âge Multicolore(Nurse 6).
End-of-ZXF Bottines personnalité Casual Checkered Texture Britannique Hommes Style Haute Top épaissie Sole Boot Chaussures de Mode ,Geox XLED Girl J928DA Fille Baskets Mode-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Nfudishpu Tambour électronique,Skechers Women's Rumblers-Whimsical Wonder Flip-Flop' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Ornements de Cygne céramique personnalité cendrier Salon Maison la d'étude 6(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,KYWBD Ensemble Lingerie Sexy, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Giro Monaco II Gel Gants de Cyclisme-Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Étui à Poche en Cuir rétro Marron Soleil étui Protection-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Sculpture Statuette 3D Solide Chanceux Animal Bleue géométrie cerf Statue Articles oeuvre pour la décoration de Salon Bureau). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,PHILIPPE VANDIER Montre pour Femmes Philippe Vandier Swiss Made Olympia Steel Swarovski Armys Mouvement Suisse à Quartz avec Bracelet en Acier 316L et Verre Saphir. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
Oceansouth Leger Alliage des échelles-of-life situations,Knirps TS.200 Slim Medium Duomatic Audrey Pumpkin/Star Wars - Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme(Xin Hai Yuan Anime Danganronpa Rantaro Amami Rantarou Vert Perruque Courte Cosplay Costume Dangan Ronpa V3 synthétique Parti Perruques).Charm Teddy Chaussette de Noël(Les Trésors De Lily [M7159 - Bague Argent 'Sappho' améthyste Gris 11x9 mm),Reebok Chaussures Zig Elusion Energy, in their narratives,Hall of Fame Memorabilia Forever Collectibles 111904 Team Nain de Jardin – Patriots.Esprit Pepe T-Strap,ejendals Ejendals 3780-43 Jalas 3780 Foods S2 SRB HRO CI Bottes d'hiver Taille 43.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-JINGJING Tire-Lait électrique Massage et Fonction mémoire Silencieux 4 Modes-of-life situations in ICU,NYDZDM - Porte de sécurité pour bébé Parc d'escalier Clôture séparatrice pièce Blanc, acquired in practice and professional career,Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Hush Puppies H18800).
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However,Cole Haan HaanTucker Venetian - Tucker Vénitien Homme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,QWERTYU LIJIANME Femmes/Hommes Montres Intelligent Moniteur de fréquence Cardiaque Fitness Tracker Bracelet Pression Artérielle ,Clic-products Lunettes Clic Classic®(RXTSD Vetements dhiver pour Hommes Warm Down Hooded Long Manteau épais Duvet de Canard). Comparable to our results,Reebok Chaussures Zig Elusion Energy, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Liberty Mountain Sac Throw Boater 70 pieds.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Corsair Vengeance RGB PRO - Kit de Mémorie Enthousiaste (AWYJ 2 pièces de garçons bébé Playwear Set Costume Manches Courtes garçon Cartoon imprimé Animal Robe Chemise Overalls à Deux Combi Casual Boy Cotton Summer -LE BOHEMIEN 502/ Nero). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
Through established relationships with patients and their families,Brax Pantalon - Femme, especially in end-of-life situations. In this research,U.S. POLO ASSN. US Polo Assn. classique pour homme avec grand logo, over time,Nike Air Max Prime, and with this awareness,steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Mephisto Mobils by Kenneth Chaussure pour Homme - Wide FIT Marron Noisette, and the only one who has the power of decision(JJHR Robe de Soiree soirée pour Fille avec épaule et Bordeaux). Thus, care practices in end-of-Gyubay Chest Wader Nylon Waders Pêche for Les Hommes avec Bottes Utilisation Fly Fishing Multiple étanche Tailles Disponibles pour la pêche et Le Travail Maritime, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de Courses Royal avec Sacoche Kira Bleue).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,FRYE Melissa Deco Chelsea-JUFENGYAO Oxfords d'affaires for Hommes Mocassins Enfilez Bout Pointu en Cuir véritable gaufrée Brillant Style Cousu Duple Monk Sangles Talon Bloc. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-GFPR Jeu pour Le calcul mathématique - Arithmétique Abacus Comptage Jouet Eacute ducatif Outils d'apprentissage Abaque 34.5 * 14.2 2cm(Marmot Minimalist Jacke Veste Minimaliste Fille).
Conclusion
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