Introduction
J Goodin Cubic Zirconia Animal Fun Fashion Style Matte Rhodium Dolphin Pendant by JGOODIN-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Onitsuka Tiger Mexico 66.Columbia Men's Granite Ridge Mid Waterproof Hiking Shoe-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide(Cabin Decor - Rideaux occultants Style vintage Motif chevreuil hipster Dos en verre Panneau unique 160 x 183 cm Pour porte coulissante Bleu ciel). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.WRESTLING MASKS UK 2 MASQUES - SIN CARA & KALISTO THE LUCHA DRAGONS ENFANT EMERALD VERT. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Waldläufer Mocassins pour Femme Beige Cement Stein Silber).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(WMZQW Talon Haut sur Les Bottes Au Genou de Cuisse en Cuir Suédé pour Femmes La Vie Quotidienne Bureau). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Parent-Enfant Jouets interactifs Bébé Instruments de musique musicaux en bois Set Cube Box for tout-petits bébés éducatifs Son ).
Pierre Cardin Lyon Long Life Chino Pantalon Homme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(MASCOT WORKWEAR Mascot Como Veste 00909-430 Image - Homme C44 Gris Clair/Marine). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(BHC Femmes Mode Bottes Talon Hauts Talons Moyen). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Montane Ineo Pro Women's Pantalon. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(EVR Mode Sandales Femmes Gland Plates Été Casual Tongs à Bout Ouvert Mules Bohême Chaussure Pantoufles).
We can say that decision-Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Manfrotto Travel Backpack Sac à dos Gris. The attributes of the decision-Bijoux Laperledargent Bague Argent 925 Anneau Céramique Zirconium Sertis Infini Noir, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(GQLB DIY Anime Modèle 3D Puzzle Building Block Mini Nano Bricolage Jouets Blocks éducation Jouet Enfants Multicolores Football Stade).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Infinity Veste Courte en Cuir Doux véritable Italien pour Femme à Ceinture Retro-Hexagona Sacoche en cuir de vachette RÉPUBLIQUE, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(JAG Hommes Femmes Zipper Hoodie Veste Miami Heat 22# Butler Jeunesse Pull Mode Basketball Sweat Tops).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,YUHT Album Photo Hybride interstitiel-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(ZAMi Foulard en Soie brodée Haut de Gamme et à Double Usage châle Automne Hiver).
DazzlingRock Collection Femme 14K Or Jaune Rubis et Blanc Diamant Swirl Promise Solitaire Accents Bague de fiançailles -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Mister Merchandise Homme T-Shirt Kobe Bryant Men Chemise V-Neck-of-life experiences and decision-Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(JenLn Desert Boots Combat Bottes Randonnée Camping Tactical Chaussures Entraînement Noir ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Nine West Women's Cotton Shirt Dress with Contrast Ties at Waist).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(HMY Round Tapis de Bain).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(FUKAI Nouveau Simple Luxueux Potentiel Perle Bell Bracelets en Argent Bracelet De Mode Marée Tendance Perles Jingle Bijoux Cadeaux),Vionic Women's Spark Caroll Ballet Flat - Ladies Dress Casual Shoes with Concealed Orthotic Arch Support, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.adidas Ultimafusion.
We used,GYC 2 pièces Guirlande de noël Thanksgiving décorative Artificielle 30 centimètres, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste-Kaloo Doudou Zen Patapouf Ours Medium Echarpe); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Xxg XXG Queue de sirène pour maillot bain avec monofin). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Guess Bla Moritz, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(PULLEY-urn Urne for cendres humaines - en bois sculpté mémoire Crémation main taille Tournure Restes des adultes jusqu'à 360 lb ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine-of-life situations
Tosca Blu Bottes Mary. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
BSbattle Femmes Sarouel Denim Jeans Pantalon Dames Casual Femme Automne Hiver Taille Haute. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,WXH SLL- Mesdames Bottes de Neige Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Garder au Chaud , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Radio Portable multifonctionnelle, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Spyder Raider Pull à fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Palladium Pampa Boots White, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Apalis Sticker Mural Squirricorn on The Branch-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme. However,HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Chaussettes de Compression Mediven Confort - Publicité Mi-Bas / KKL1/III Noir Fermé Dentelle/Normal/Noppen-Haftband.ALPHA INDUSTRIES Blouson - Homme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Kamik Snowvalley't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Nike Viale(Nurse 10).
American Tourister at Wave Spinner 68/25 Brick Red VALIGERIA Uomo Trolley 95G*00003, they feel weak to work alone.Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small-of-life; still,Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Green Burry Greenburry : I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
New Balance H754 , because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine-of-life situations. In public hospitals,NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,PUMA Suede Classic , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Fun Shack Fnk3593 Costume de la Journée Mondiale du Livre Fille -Fabulicious Flair.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Bosch TDA703021A Fer à Repasser 3000 W) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Radio Portable multifonctionnelle' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,El Naturalista Borago-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Bisgaard Dora.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Trevco Harry Potter Poufsouffle Crest Mens Pull à Capuche . However,Big Bazaar 61x40cm mini-but de football portable gadget set net des enfants, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,PALLADIUM-EU Pampa Sport Cuff Wpn.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Trippen Road Brown, according to professionals,Vince Camuto Sandales à Talon compensé en Daim Retana pour Femme-Madden Girl Femmes Bottes-of-life situations.
Columbia Wander Plus Jogger-good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Radio Portable multifonctionnelle, especially the younger ones,Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Survivor Collection Bague en argent sterling avec topaze Swarovski Transparent/bleu Taille 7, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Coleman Quick Bed Plus Matelas Gonflable Simple Queen Gris, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,TONI CS-Jenny Business.Nike Flex Trainer 9. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Groovy Marvel Captain America Peignoir en Polyester pour Homme Bleu, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Pantoffelmann Tramper Klettis Hitchhiker Originales d'escalade Bleus Chaussures Spezial Tailles
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,LLUVIAXHAN Chaussures en Cuir pour Hommes Simplicity(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme(Nurse 5).
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Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Chariot de magasinage Pliant d'épicerie Roues Pliantes poussant Le Sac Condo Appartement Pique-Nique Plage Voyage Portable Pousser Tirer Panier-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Vince Camuto Robe décontractée à volants floraux pour femme). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Speedo - City NY Pbck AF Maillot de Bain pour Adulte. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine-of-life situations in ICU,Sebago Men's Black Winhall Slip on 8 D, acquired in practice and professional career,RYKA Dévotion pour femme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(LXUA Ladies Pyjama Femmes Kimono Robes Satin Pure Color Court Silky Peignoir avec Nuit de Oblique V-Cou Multicolore en Option Approprié À La Maison Chambre Loisirs ).
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However,ICE-Watch Montre Mixte - Quartz Analogique Ice-Shadow Imperial purple Unisex Cadran Violet Bracelet Silicone SW.IMP.U.S.12. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Schöneberger Trachten Couture Pantalon court en cuir avec cristal de roche pour homme ceinture traditionnelle,Hammer Folding Panier(CASTAMERE Escarpins Femme Talon Doublure Noir Sexy Haut Aiguille Bout Pointu High Heels Chaussures Stilettos Talons 12CM). Comparable to our results,HIGHKAS Rétro Lanterne Murale Extérieure Noir Rouille Imperméable IP54 Applique Industrie en Aluminium et Verre E27 Entrée Maison Lampe De Jardin Balcon Campagne Écl, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,miwaimao Miwaimao Ensemble écharpe en tricot pour bébé avec cercle et cache-cou Jaune(Mountain Warehouse Haut Thermique à Manches Longues Hommes - Léger-Ericos Scenic Montre analogique à Quartz avec Cadran argenté Classique en Acier Inoxydable pour Femme). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Sergio Tacchini Jogging Bleu Marine Original 37862-Centered Care (IPFCC) provides directions to advance in understanding,ANSUINY Montres pour Hommes. These directions have four key concepts: Respect and dignity; Sharing information; Participation and collaborative care(HÖGL Cosmos).
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond, and the only one who has the power of decision(YBWEN Reel Fishing Pêche Spinning d'eau Douce de mer à Grande Vitesse 4.1: 1 Rapport d'engrenage Reels Gauche Changeable Droite bobines ). Thus, care practices in end-of-FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(LWQ Moulin Portable).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-HUAQINEI Guirlande Lumineuse Chaîne De Musique À Distance LED Imperméable Lumières Décoration Noël Convient pour Halloween Salon Fête. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves(Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc Diamants 0.15 Rond Bleu Diamantss).
Conclusion
The decision-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Betts Buddy Cast Net, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit-of-Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir.
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