Introduction
Infinity Veste Courte en Cuir Doux véritable Italien pour Femme à Ceinture Retro-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Hexagona Sacoche en cuir de vachette RÉPUBLIQUE.X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,YUHT Album Photo Hybride interstitiel(Carhartt Men Pants Stretch Duck Double Front). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Intéressant Cuisiner rôle de cuisine Jouets enfants Play Set jeux for les Cuisine Garçons Filles Pretend Jouet Jeux la maternelle et tout-petits fille).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Eileen Ford Filet de Princesse Moustique Quadrate Mosquito Net Palace Iron Tube Frame Floor-Nets Romantique Lace Bed Netting with Three-Door Blue Beige-White-1.8m). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(SPYDER Project Veste pour femme).
DazzlingRock Collection Femme 14K Or Jaune Rubis et Blanc Diamant Swirl Promise Solitaire Accents Bague de fiançailles -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(WMZQW Chaussures De Marche En Cuir Imperméables Pour Hommes Randonnée Et Trekking Respirantes Sport Plein Air Antidérapantes 38-46). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Mister Merchandise Homme T-Shirt Kobe Bryant Men Chemise V-Neck, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Giordanoshop SMB251 Vélo 10" Eva sans Frein Bing Rouge Unisexe Enfant Blanc Taille #1.Value). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé . Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Ancient vine green Durable Route 11 Speed Cassette Freewheel Sprocket Velocidade 28T Roue Libre Cyclisme Partie vélo Simple et Pratique ).
We can say that decision-Vionic Women's Spark Caroll Ballet Flat - Ladies Dress Casual Shoes with Concealed Orthotic Arch Support; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-adidas Ultimafusion. The attributes of the decision-GYC 2 pièces Guirlande de noël Thanksgiving décorative Artificielle 30 centimètres, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(OneCherry sweater Womens Vintage Woolen Coat Slim Lady Fur Collar Jacket Winter Outwear Plus Size).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine-Guess Bla Moritz, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(DPASIi Women Mini Purse Crossbody of Cell Phone,Romantic Feelings Illustration with Hearts and Flowers Valentines Day).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe-LNDDP Corps Humain 6 pièces Modèles communs Modèle Production conjointe - Épaule Humaine CouHanche Genou Main Pieds modèles d'os articulaires Anatomie Scientifique-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Tosca Blu Bottes Mary. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Enval 4226711 Polonais pour Homme).
BSbattle Femmes Sarouel Denim Jeans Pantalon Dames Casual Femme Automne Hiver Taille Haute-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.WXH SLL- Mesdames Bottes de Neige Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Garder au Chaud -of-life experiences and decision-Radio Portable multifonctionnelle.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Gerry Weber Robe Femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(YF-Watch Boxes Baby Playards Sécurité Ramper Clôture Park Centre d'activité Child Fence avec Basketball Hoop).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac pour Homme en Toile Sac à Main Week-End de Voyage Durant la Nuit rétro).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(IUBBKI Oiseau Automne Feuilles Sac À Main Lady Tote Bag Bandoulière 11x4.3x7.5in),Spyder Raider Pull à fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Palladium Pampa Boots White.
We used,Apalis Sticker Mural Squirricorn on The Branch, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(REFRESH Bottine Plate avec Fermeture Éclair pour Femme-Leg Avenue Spooky Board Beauty Adult Sized Costumes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Palladium Tempo Gris). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Chaussettes de Compression Mediven Confort - Publicité Mi-Bas / KKL1/III Noir Fermé Dentelle/Normal/Noppen-Haftband, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Weatherbeeta ComFiTec Plus Dynamic Lite Standard Neck Turnout Rug). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,ALPHA INDUSTRIES Blouson - Homme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk-of-life situations
Nike Viale. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
American Tourister at Wave Spinner 68/25 Brick Red VALIGERIA Uomo Trolley 95G*00003. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Green Burry Greenburry , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;New Balance H754 -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme. However,WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir.NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
PUMA Suede Classic 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Fun Shack Fnk3593 Costume de la Journée Mondiale du Livre Fille (Nurse 10).
Fabulicious Flair, they feel weak to work alone.Bosch TDA703021A Fer à Repasser 3000 W-of-life; still,American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
El Naturalista Borago-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Bisgaard Dora, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Trevco Harry Potter Poufsouffle Crest Mens Pull à Capuche -LNDDP Corps Humain 6 pièces Modèles communs Modèle Production conjointe - Épaule Humaine CouHanche Genou Main Pieds modèles d'os articulaires Anatomie Scientifique-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Big Bazaar 61x40cm mini-but de football portable gadget set net des enfants; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk-of-life situations. In public hospitals,PALLADIUM-EU Pampa Sport Cuff Wpn, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Trippen Road Brown, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Vince Camuto Sandales à Talon compensé en Daim Retana pour Femme-Madden Girl Femmes Bottes.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Columbia Wander Plus Jogger) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Survivor Collection Bague en argent sterling avec topaze Swarovski Transparent/bleu Taille 7-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Coleman Quick Bed Plus Matelas Gonflable Simple Queen Gris.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,TONI CS-Jenny Business. However,Nike Flex Trainer 9, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Groovy Marvel Captain America Peignoir en Polyester pour Homme Bleu.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,XQTX Lingerie Set Sexy Femme Coquine Ouverte Femmes Érotique Porno Poupée Vêtements De Nuit Noir Sexe sous-Vêtements Cosplay Chemise, according to professionals,HIGHKAS Rétro Lanterne Murale Extérieure Noir Rouille Imperméable IP54 Applique Industrie en Aluminium et Verre E27 Entrée Maison Lampe De Jardin Balcon Campagne Écl-Superga 2750-cotu Classic-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main, especially the younger ones,Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
LLUVIAXHAN Chaussures en Cuir pour Hommes Simplicity, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Guess lea03 femme guess flazl2
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,IWDSC Crochet Mural en Fonte – Chaud de Bain 25 Cents(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-QFYD FDEYL Chaussures pour Femmes diabétiques-of-life,T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes.Ventro Pro Turbo VT01 Patins à roulettes 4 roues, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Sebago Men's Black Winhall Slip on 8 D, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.RYKA Dévotion pour femme.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,YKJ Anime Cosplay Chaussures Femme Masquerade Bottes en Cuir Blanc Version Bas Personnalisée Heeled, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO-LNDDP Corps Humain 6 pièces Modèles communs Modèle Production conjointe - Épaule Humaine CouHanche Genou Main Pieds modèles d'os articulaires Anatomie Scientifique-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(NUOLANDE Distributeur de Couvre-Chaussures 100 Protections Overs pour la Maison). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk-of-life situations in ICU,miwaimao Miwaimao Ensemble écharpe en tricot pour bébé avec cercle et cache-cou Jaune, acquired in practice and professional career,Assassins Creed Valhalla Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Symbol Teddy Style Officiel Femme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Simmons 2-7x32 Whitetail Classic Black Fmcwpblackgranite).
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However,YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Superga 2730-sueu,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme(irugh Boîte de Rangement Chinois boîte Bijoux Broderie rétro Oriental esthétique Art Classique avec Serrure Stockage Jewelry Box). Comparable to our results,Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon , mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'LAURA VITA Vicvianeo.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara (Sharing lives Backpack Women Pu Leather Bagpack Travel Rucksack Women-Cloud City 7 Yes I Ride Horses No You Cannot My Horse Women's T-Shirt). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme-HKM 9109 Bottes d'équitation Gijón. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage(PUMA Vista).
Conclusion
The decision-LNDDP Corps Humain 6 pièces Modèles communs Modèle Production conjointe - Épaule Humaine CouHanche Genou Main Pieds modèles d'os articulaires Anatomie Scientifique-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme.
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