Introduction
Fedso Beau bracelet en cuir avec cordon turquoise - Style décontracté En acier inoxydable Bracelet noir Montres-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Shaik Candy Bagage Cabine 78 * 31 52centimeters Anthracite.CafePress T-shirt American Buckeye avec logo du club de volaille-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,LIUCHANG Trotteur(Radio Portable multifonctionnelle). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Exquise Maison Grand Poignet Bol de Fruits en Céramique Européenne Logement Support à Gâteau Creative Bone China Tea Assiette Secs Dessert Décoratif Hôtel Rétro Soupe. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(IKKS Jupe Nœud Tulle Noir Fille).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Folat Déguisement Star Wars Dark Maul adulte-taille M). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Joyara Bague Femme 9 ct Or Blanc 0.25 Rond Vert Emeraude 5 Pierres 1/4).
GZRUIGE Imperméable à l'eau Militaire Tactique assaut Molle Pack 35L Sling Sac Dos armée pour la randonnée en Plein air Camping Chasse-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(BROWCIN Timbre de boîte aux lettres cabine téléphonique bus rouge Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-RKRCXH Maillot de Bain sirène Queue De Sirène, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(adidas Originals Chaussures Junior Haiwee). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,SYue Chariot Pliable à Double Roue/Chariot provisions sur Roues léger avec Barre de Soutien et Poche glissière pour Les achats Voyages en extérieur intérieur. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(100% - Masque Racecraft Raceday Ecran Miroir Or).
We can say that decision-KYEEY Shorts de Sport pour Hommes Pantalons Plage d'été Mode Homme séchage Rapide en Cinq Points Pantalon Voyage Vacances Surf et caleçons Bain; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Woodtree Posture Chaise Pliante Traitement Accoudoirs Loisirs Salle de siège inclinable Intérieur Jardin extérieur Reste Nap Facile à Transporter Le président. The attributes of the decision-Find Nice Trouver Femmes Talons Sandales Cheville Sangle Mariée Bout Ouvert Satin 9920-01, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(LANGPIAOEZU Pocket Soft Femmes Short en Jean Mode Lâche Pantalon Jambe Large Burr Imprimer Outfitters).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Pants pantalon 2020 Printemps Hiver Femmes Haute Élastique Taille Casual Fermeture À Glissière Poches Épais Sports Joggers Dentelle Pantalon Gris Noir-HOMDREAM Talon Aiguille Talons Hauts 20CM Sandales à Plateforme Imperméable Confortable Chaussures pour Femmes Romaines, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(ZZSQ 4 en 1 Aluminium LED Beauté Trolley Maquillage Cosmétique Sac Vanity Case Coiffure Nail Art Salon Box).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/IUBBKI sac à main château de sorcière chat chauve-souris crâne en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Coslike Danganronpa Anime Tous Les rôles Cosplay Costume Ensemble Complet-DYH&CTS Doudounes Big Pocket Femmes Hiver Femme Veste Streetwear À Capuche Manteau Vestes Chaud Vêtements Casual Parkas-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Retour Jeans Garçon Long-Pantalons. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Or LED salon plafonnier créatif rond chambre d'enfants dimmable avec télécommande plafonniers gel de silice abat-jour pour cuisine salle à manger jardin 46 cm 50 W).
Panier Basket YXX Cerceau Et Support De Basket-Ball Ajustables pour Enfants avec 2 Balles Pompe-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.73HA73 Sweat Capuche pour Hommes Maxwell's Equations Jacket Unisexe Veste Casual Sweatshirt Couture de Mode Hoodie-of-life experiences and decision-DSQQ Tapis pour Salon Maison Épaisse Chambre Shaggy Moelleux Canapé De Sol Chevet Et d'enfants.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(The North Face W Litewave Explore GTX Chaussures de Marche Femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(JXILY Chaussures Femme de Course Plates-Formes à Lacets en Velours All-Match Plus Outdoor Chaussures).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(SYue Oreiller pour Femme Enceinte Support de Taille dormeur latéral en Forme U).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Orquidea Sabine Boucles d'oreilles pour femme avec perles),Columbia Men's Roatan Drifter Water Short, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Merrell Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode.
We used,Carmens padova Baskets pour Femme Blanc Bianco, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(WRJY Poussette bébé-HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Laparoscopique Entraînement Boîte Kit De Simulation). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Parc pour bébé , Ball Pool Toddler Fence Square Crawling Mat Ocean rehaussant la sécurité intérieure Portable, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Head 2020 Ti.S6 Raquette de Tennis à Cordes). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,ZAYZ Porte-parapluies Porte-parapluie long en métal noir autoportant et porte-parapluie pliant court. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir-of-life situations
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Lakers Jersey No. 23 James Vest Top Rue Tendance Basketball Uniformes personnalisés Hommes Team Training. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,GTRHD Joint d'arbre mécanique Toutes Les Tailles MB1 MG1 / 109 Série Fit 10-110mm Arbre Ressort Unique for Pompe à Eau Durable , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
MULIZHE Love Death Robots Impression 3D Sweat à Capuche Sport Hommes et Femmes Pull en Coton col Rond fête Vacances Loisirs Cadeau, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Nobranded Grand Sac de Filet Rétracteur Sport en Maille Plongée, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]MIKLL Sweat à Capuche Homme Sweatshirt pour Longues Hiver Slim Fit, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;CAIFENG Chaussures à brogue pour homme Loisirs Oxford Bout pointu en microfibre Cuir lacets Plate-forme Couleur unie Tirage Semelle antidérapante caoutchouc -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/IUBBKI sac à main château de sorcière chat chauve-souris crâne en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes. However,IUBBKI sac à langer dos sourire Doraemon multifonction voyage bandoulière maternité couche bébé avec matelas, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,YLLJJ Bracelet de Montre.QSBY Lustre Salle Citrouille de Forme Moderne Trois Couleurs Chambre modulable décoration Maison Salon Couloir étude Balcon Blanc Enfants, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
TZSWZW Camouflage Net Triangle Militaire Cut Flower Design Sunblock Ombre Tissu de Jardin Couverture Fleurs Plantes Patio Gazon W5Z0W9't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...TZSWZW Usine Sail Shade Couverture Camouflage Net Jardin Confidentialité et Film de Protection écran Balcon des renseignements personnels Corde Perméable W5Z0W9(Nurse 10).
JALAL Bonnet en Tricot Gris pour Filles avec Perruques ondulées Noires de 22 Pouces, they feel weak to work alone.Pro Skateboard Cruiser Conseil de Penny 46-of-life; still,NLRHH Lot de 12 décorations bouteille vin Noël pour décoration vin. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Orquidea Sabine Boucles d'oreilles pour femme avec perles: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
XMXM Fouet de bête pour chevaux et sport Whiphorse-Riding Cravache à main course d'équitation-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/IUBBKI sac à main château de sorcière chat chauve-souris crâne en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Bouilloire électrique en Verre, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Kickers Kymbo Brogue-DYH&CTS Doudounes Big Pocket Femmes Hiver Femme Veste Streetwear À Capuche Manteau Vestes Chaud Vêtements Casual Parkas-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Scarpa Chaussures Mojito GTX - homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Cofra V415-0-05.Z60 Tecka Veste Softshell , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Livia Isabel Lavandou Maillot Une pièce Femme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Natori Pure Allure: FF Contour UW Soutien-Gorge Femme-adidas Originals Tubular ENTRAP W Basket Femme Blanc 37 1/3 EU.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (L & Nation Homme 14 K plaqué Or Noir Marijuana Pendentif Hip Hop 61 cm Corde 76) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,PUMA Ignite Limitless 2. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
MULIZHE Love Death Robots Impression 3D Sweat à Capuche Sport Hommes et Femmes Pull en Coton col Rond fête Vacances Loisirs Cadeau' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Pinko Dante Blusa Crepe de Chine Di Blouse Femme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Odlo T-Shirt MC Ceramicool Pro - à Manches Courtes Femme-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-EASTPAK Backpack Eastpak Orbit Glow Black 40T.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Ion Combinaison en néoprène Base Semidry 4/3 BZ DL. However,Geox J Flexyper D, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Quiksilver Keller Sweat à Capuche zippé en Polaire Homme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Hurley M Vedder Washed L/S Woven - Chemises Homme, according to professionals,BCBGMAXAZRIA Women's Welt Pocket Faux Suede Skirt-varisan Collant de contention Diva Classe 2 Varisan Naturel Taille 1 Hauteur Court-of-life situations.
adidas Itavic-Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Volcom Sweat Too Tone Fleece Noir Homme -, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
MULIZHE Love Death Robots Impression 3D Sweat à Capuche Sport Hommes et Femmes Pull en Coton col Rond fête Vacances Loisirs Cadeau, especially the younger ones,Volcom Tower P/Over Fleece Sweat à Capuche pour Femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Lucky Brand LK-Joal2 Escarpins pour Femme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Nike Revolution 5, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,camel active Step 70.ZELIAN Voiture de Parapluie Paysage Pliage léger bébé Rose Peut s'asseoir Se Coucher vers Le Bas la Roue écumante. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Blackstone Sg30, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Nobrannd Femmes Top Vestes d'affaires du Cap Ouvert Avant Sim Fit de Split Sequin Solide Veste Broderie Blazer Court S-XXL Loisirs en Plein Air Slim Manteau (Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Waldhausen Damen Vollbesatz Reithose Ava(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Horloge murale murale-of-life,Lhlxs Fille Égypte Ancienne Mythologie Reine Robe Cosplay Costume d'halloween pour Les Enfants Party Vêtements de Carnaval.VX COUTURE Lakei?Carte d 'identité Détenteur de Carte?Antique Bourse Position Chaîne clés Portefeuille Vêtement en Cuir, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.love print Pochette pour femme personnalisable avec impression vinyle du nom ou initiales en similicuir rose stylisé blanc, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.MH Bottines Hommes.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Mephisto Phila, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Corde de pêche Descente en Rappel et Mousqueton 11mm Multi-Usage Durable Fort Randonnée Statique Camping extérieur-DYH&CTS Doudounes Big Pocket Femmes Hiver Femme Veste Streetwear À Capuche Manteau Vestes Chaud Vêtements Casual Parkas-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Bog Death Grip Clamping Carbon Tripod Shooting Stick). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,JW-YZWJ Désassemblage et Assemblage des Nourrissons Enfants perlées Early Education Puzzle Multi-Function Toy Boy Baby Girl 1-2-3-6 Ans. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Mega Tuscany Sac pour homme à porter l'épaule Noir noir-of-life situations in ICU,Sorel Women's Joan of Arctic Wedge II Shearling Winter Boot, acquired in practice and professional career,BAIYI Hourglass Nuit Light Touch USB Dimming 15 Minutes LED Minuteur Mise en Sommeil Créatif Sablier Minuterie Lampe D'assistance 800 Mah; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey).
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However,BWTCHY New Flare Sleeve Black Gold Heavy Sequins Evening Dress Robe de soirée Formelle à Encolure Bateau. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Puma Pull à capuche Making The Cut pour femme,INTER-BIOS 5633 Sandales Bio CUÑA Rouge(jhin Cuir Sac Laptop Tote Bag The Black Cat with Yellow Eyes Large Printed Shoulder Bags Handbag PU Leather Zipper Handle Satchel Purse Lightweight Work). Comparable to our results,LOVEKUSH 50% Off Gemstone Jewellery 50 Feet Black Spinel Beaded Chain - 24K Gold Plated Wire Wrapped Beads Measure About 3-4mm Code:- RADE-37891, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Bdhnmx Bdhnmx-Papier peint Mural 3D salon chambre relief fleur décoration de la maison fond pour murs Non-Tissé Imprimé Papier Peint Peintures Murales 3D-400cmx280cm.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Munich Dash Premium 73(IGI&CO Donna Gore-tex-41710-Beco Bonnet C Summer of Love Les Maillots de Bain Maillot). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Cole Haan HaanAir Bandon MOC - Ballerines Air Femme, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/IUBBKI sac à main château de sorcière chat chauve-souris crâne en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
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