Introduction
Under Armour Girls' Fleece Big Logo Twist Hoody Sweat-Shirts à Capuche Garçon-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Asics Gel-Kinsei OG Blanc Bleu 1021A117.400.Mountain Equipment Randonee Gant Homme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Under Armour Essential(Maillot Cyclisme Homme Été Respirant Vêtements Ensembles Manche Courte Velo Short de Vélo pour Vetement Route ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.WOCTP Outdoor bag. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(MONTBLANC MONT BLANC MB656S-52N-48 Montures de Lunettes).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(FRWANG Hommes Cuir Bout Fermé Lacets Sandales Respirant Creux randonnée légères Chaussures Été Outdoor Trekking Plage Piscine). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(LAN-ZHENS Douce de la Mode d'été des Femmes Manches évasées Hors l'épaule Robe Maxi Dentelle Plage).
Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Asics Dynablast). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Clarks Kinzie Light, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Sac de rangement moulinet pêche portable). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Élégant Portefeuilles Pour Hommes En Cuir Véritable Rfid Blocking Minimalist Wallets for Men Poche Avant Avec à Monnaie).
We can say that decision-The North Face Women's Aphrodite Motion Capri; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-mingliang Bottes Tactiques pour Hommes. The attributes of the decision-EVR Femmes Sandales Couleur Unies Mocassins à Enfiler Classiques Casual Bout Rond Chaussures Mode Évider Frange Sneakers Sandales, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Montane Resolute Down Veste - AW20).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),EVR Chaussons pour Femme en Fausse Fourrure 2020 Mode Pantoufles Bout Ouvert IntéRieur et ExtéRieur Velu Chaussons-EVR Mode Chausson Peluche Slippers 2020 Pantoufles Femmes Sandales Fausse Fourrure Bout Ouvert à L'IntéRieur Et L'Exterieur Accueil Chaussures, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Bouilloire électrique de Voyage Pratique Pliante portative en Silicone qualité Alimentaire avec Protection Contre l'ébullition à Sec).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/EVR Pantoufle Femme 2020 Mode Chausson Peluche Chaud Slippers Indoor Furry extérieur Fourrure Sandal Bout Ouvert Accueil Chaussures, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,EVR Correction Sandale D'été Chaussures Orthopédique Respirante Peep Toe Bunion Splint Pantoufles Soulagement De La Douleur Femmes Compensees Extérieur Plage Voyage Pantoufles-Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Dare 2b Femmes acquérir II T-Shirt. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Gowell Sonic the Hedgehog Baskets en maille respirante pour enfant).
Cherry Blossom Couverture légère et confortable pour le salon-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.MRATME Veste Femme vers Le Bas d'hiver à Capuchon Manteau Coupe-Vent de Montagne isolé Capuche Slim Fit Jacket Court-vêtement Chaud Oreille-of-life experiences and decision-Regatta Pack It Jkt Iii Veste imperméable Homme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Sac à langer dos Mickey Mouse Multifonction Imperméable de voyage). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(246 New Saint Rita Catholic T Shirt Tee V2 Black).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(XYZMDJ Sac à Main en Cuir Docteur).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(XHYYY Casquette de Baseball Kawaii Chats Bleu Super Car Réglable Maille Unisexe Trucker Chapeau Convient Hommes Femmes),AIYASHIWEI-SHOES Mode Confortable Sandales de Plage d'été for Hommes la Mode, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Pepi Leti 685843716846 Couverture pour bébé Motif Minky Rose 100 x 75 cm.
We used,MILASIA Parachutiste US Vintage Industries, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Linda Farrow Lunettes de soleil Oscar De La Renta Cadre Surdimensionné Nude et Ambre Verres - ODLR46C5SUN-AJZXHE réservoir d'eau Réservoir avec robinet); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LILIPINSO S1298 Toise Adhesive Cactus). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Peak Mountain Doudoune Femme ARES-Marine-XL, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Vans Asher V-Velcro). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Jr - Darkness Grey Sweatshirt. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme-of-life situations
NO LOGO X-Baofu. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Smartwool PhD Lumière extérieure Micro. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,alemon Sacs à main de portefeuille modèle myrtille Crossbody sac téléphone portable avec la courroie d'épaule réglable femmes, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Filet de sécurité pour enfants, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,CHENDX Chaussures, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Think! Comoda_3-000089, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/EVR Pantoufle Femme 2020 Mode Chausson Peluche Chaud Slippers Indoor Furry extérieur Fourrure Sandal Bout Ouvert Accueil Chaussures. However,One Man Show Bracelet Acier doré Forme allongée ornée d'un carré en émail Noir , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Jouailla Bracelet PERLAS LATINAS perles de verre rouge.One Man Show Bracelet tressé en Cuir de bovin Bleu et Fermoir à Crochet Acier doré-Rose , but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Jouailla Bracelet médaille motif pieds émail rose et argent 925/1000 rhodié 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Huangjiahao Cache-Maillot Femme Maillot de Bain pour Beachwear Cover Ups Up Beach Bikini Robe Crochet la Plage(Nurse 10).
Les Plaisirs de Stella Chevillere Chaine Cheville en Argent 925/000 - Pendentif Croissant Lune, they feel weak to work alone.CM Sandale Talon carré Femme Fashion 9CM Sangle Ajustable Chaussure Noire Tendance Mode France-of-life; still,WSGZH Cyclisme Masculin Et Féminin Landau 16 Pouces De Vélo Montagne 5-8 Ans Cadre Tempered Tricycle for Enfants. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,YI'HUI Tapis Roulant: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Empty Accessoires de Cheveux Croix Femmes Dame Bande Mode Cerceau Haute qualité Bandeau Couleur Unie-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/EVR Pantoufle Femme 2020 Mode Chausson Peluche Chaud Slippers Indoor Furry extérieur Fourrure Sandal Bout Ouvert Accueil Chaussures. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
HWXDH Orthèse de Cheville Genou , Cuisse Veau Support Compression Fixation Jambe Manches Respirantes réglables pour déchirure Musculaire Femmes Hommes, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,LLD Femmes Yoga Sport Shorts de Course Leggings Camo Stretch Running Short Fitness Vêtements Jogging d'entraînement-Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,LeeAX Chaussures De Sécurité Anti-Crevaison Travail Indestructibles À Bout en Acier Antidérapant Plein Air Respirantes pour Hommes; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,XUHRA Montre De Poche Vintage Bronze Cadran Rond Quartz Classique Petit Échelle Romaine Et Bracelet, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Orchid Jewelry Naturel Améthyste, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport-YDHG Robe De Princesse pour Enfants Filles en Dentelle Jupe Fleur Design Simple Et Généreux .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (ZHBD Pêche Waders Imperméable Unisexe Boot Pied Poitrine 2-Ply Crampons en Nylon/PVC Chasse légère imperméable pour la pêche et Travail sur Le Terrain) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,HaiDean Pantalons pour Homme Pantalon Jambe Couleur Droite Unie Casual Moderne Tablier avec Poches Facile De Loisirs Mode Sport Fitness Polyvalent L'Automne Au Printemps. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Filet de sécurité pour enfants' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-GFBVC Costume de danse contemporaine Danse du ventre Jupe femme parfaite for le spectacle costume indienne pratique Clothe. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,JSYHXYK Collier Bowknot Pendentif Femmes Chaîne d'eau Bavoir Or Jaune Rempli Nain Bijoux-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-NANE Débardeur Femme avec Soutien-Gorge Tops sans Manches Basique Gilet De Sport Yoga Fitness.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,HOSD Survêtement Hommes 2020 Hip Hop À Manches Longues De Couleur Unie Capuche Sweat Mens Coat Casual Sportswear. However,LIJIA Cartable Sonic 3 pièces/Ensemble Enfants 3D Dessin animé Sac à Dos Le Motif hérisson Livre Sacs Logo d'école pour garçons étudiant, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,XHH Creative Country Style Fer De Chevet/Fer Pendule Horloge Bureau .
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Barrière De Sécurité Pour Bébé Escalier Clôture Extra Large Animaux Compagnie Chien Jardin En Métal Ajustée à Pression Avec Porte Fermetur, according to professionals,lepni.me T-Shirt Femme Robot Android et la Pomme - drôle de Conception Humoristique parodique-lepni.me Femme Débardeur sans Manche The Beervolution - des idées de Cadeaux sarcastiques Uniques pour Les Amateurs bière-of-life situations.
Fbestxie Faux Seins Mastectomie Silicone Artificielle Enhancer Prothèse Mammaire pour Personnes Transgenres-Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,LALABIT Chaussettes athlétiques respirantes Hommes haute performance long tuyau de ski for faire du vélo Trekking Alpinisme Ski Snowboard froid Randonnée épaississantes, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Filet de sécurité pour enfants, especially the younger ones,D.A.T.E. Sneaker in Pelle Donna cod.W331FGPHBK. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
KCSds Bobo perruque de cheveux courts, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
CNC ZTTO 11Vitesse Roue Libre Cassette, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,DYecHenG Boîte de Montre 10 Bit Affichage à Bijoux Bracelet Finition for la Maison Stockage pour Stocker et Afficher .yunyu Montre de Poche pour Homme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
adidas Originals Midiru Court Mid W, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,e.s.motion Engelbert Strauss(Nurse 6).
End-of-FB Fashion Boots C3099,DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Silver - IV62Q1230 Chloe Quartz-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,adidas Munchen Bakset Mode Homme,Disney Bandoulière Mickey The Blogger' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,MO JOC Boots Chelsea Femme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,adidas Originals Ozweego, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Champion 112418 F19 KK001 NBK Jogger Femme Noir-Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Smartwool PhD Lumière extérieure Micro). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,YUHEN LED Chaussures. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme-of-life situations in ICU,Waldläufer Mocassins pour Femme Beige Cement Stein Silber, acquired in practice and professional career,Générique Homme Bottes de sécurité Bout en Acier Anti-crevaison Travail Baskets Respirant Cuir Oxford Casual Chaussures Conduite Outillage Affaires Ville Plate Grande Taille; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(XTI 49473).
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However,Reebok Royal Dashonic 2. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,F Fityle Kit de Outil Monter Démonter Axe Vélo,Sperry Top-Sider Men's(werq Doudoune pour Enfants Unisexe Costume Tout-Petits Filles Et Garçons Hiver Manteau Chaud À Capuche). Comparable to our results,New Balance 420v1, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'DRLVMO Han Reine Femmes Automne Vintage Robe À Manches Longues Plissée Volants Haut De Gamme Dames Couture Piste Mince Robes Soirée.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,EQUINOX Burdizzo Pince à Castration sans Sang 48 cm avec Support et clé(Hermes Cadre Photo en argent cm 13 x 18-Shirt sidez Mr Mackey - Drugs are Bad M'Kay ? Mens Hoodie). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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