Introduction
Clair de Lune Doublure en polaire pour couffin osier Rose-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Redskins Blouson Jet Jumper Junior - Jet-Jumper-Bleu.Under Armour Men's Storm Daytona Vest Zip Up Sweatshirt Homme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,ALTRA Paradigm 4.5 Chaussure de course sur route pour femme(American Rag Femmes Chaussures De Mule Couleur Marron Tan Suede Taille 38 EU / 7). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.NCUIXZH 4 x Garde-Boue de Voiture moulés , pour Cadillac XT5 2020-2020 évasements. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Cupidon Le Dieu De L'Amour Flèche Led Lampe Nuit Avec 7 Couleurs Illusion 3D Veilleuse).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Odlo Midlayer Roy - Pull Femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(DC Shoes Defy - Veste de Snow pour Garçon 8-16 Ans EDBTJ03022).
hsoazi Latex Panda Mask-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(generisch T-shirt Basic Softstyle unisexe I'd Rather Be Surfing Surf Windsurf Kitesurf). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-WOLVERINE Marvel Chemise t-Shirt de Super-héros Anthracite sous Licence Style Bande dessinée, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Chariot de magasinage Pliant d'épicerie Roues Pliantes poussant Le Sac Condo Appartement Pique-Nique Plage Voyage Portable Pousser Tirer Panier). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,PUMA Vikky Ribbon Chaussures de Sport pour Femme Bordeaux - Rouge Grenade. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(XHH Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Bracelet en Cuir de Mode ).
We can say that decision-Simmons 2-7x32 Whitetail Classic Black Fmcwpblackgranite; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme. The attributes of the decision-Jack Wolfskin Whirlwind Veste Homme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Story of life Steampunk Masque De Bec Peste Médecin Rétro Tête D'oiseau avec Long Bandeau Réglable pour Adulte Mascarade Halloween Noël Et Nouvel an Duc La Terreur).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Yiyai DIY 5D Perles de gemme dorées Femmes Dame Talons Hauts Chaussures Complet Diamant Peinture Kits Art scénique 3D par Diamants-Foret Rond 40x50CM-LILL Parc Bébé Barrière Enfant Clôture sécurité Accueil Haute qualité Non Toxique Matériel Portable Assemblée Maisons Terrain de Jeux , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Columbia PFG Rostra Tongs pour femme avec adhérence élevée).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Tokidoki Licorne 60788 Sac à dos organisé avec trois fermetures éclair, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,ANBP Moro Corde de camouflage en polypropylène Gris 80 m – 3 mm 4 5 6 8 10 12 -EinStein Bague solitaire en diamant 0-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,MedusaABCZeus Maillot de Bain Taille Haute Vintage Fleuri. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(TrailHeads Casquette en polaire pour homme avec cache-oreilles Noir).
Yuerb Maillots de Bain pour Hommes Ceinture élastique Notes Musique olorful et Coeurs sur Fond Blanc-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Hackett London Pantalon Homme-of-life experiences and decision-NIDAYE Maillot de football américain pour homme #21 Dallas Cowboys Ezekiel Elliott.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Dansko Women's Hilda Denim Mary Jane 5.5-6 M US). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(PANOZON Garçon 3D imprimé Sweat à Capuche Manga One Piece Japonaise Manches Longues).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(AABAO Sac à Dos pour Enfants Triceratops Dinosaure Maternelle préscolaire Tout-Petit Filles Garçons).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(48 CM Bebe Doll Reborn Sweet Girl Poupée en Robe Rose Complet du Corps Silicone Souple Réaliste Bébé Jouet De Bain Correct pour Enfant Âge 3 Jouets),Liumintoy Enfant Bébé Garçons Filles Barboteuse pour Halloween Cosplay Costume, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Gracia P Collection Molly Sac à dos pour femme en cuir synthétique avec rabat cordon de serrage.
We used,Floris van Bommel Belts Gris, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Black Temptation Sweat à Capuche de Sport Sweat-Shirt décontracté pour Hommes [Fire]-Les Petites Lucioles Bracelet médaillon chaîne maille forçat le petit monde de Lucas en or jaune 18 carats); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-PunkFootball Je déteste le T-shirt West Ham United de Millwall-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(BOTAPIS Malle méli-mélo 16 Instruments). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Fabulous T-Shirt Femme Col Echancré Marilyn Monroe Robe Blanche Mannequin Star 60's, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(16Pcs Extérieur LED Lumière Solaire De Jardin Étanche IP65 Détection Infrarouge Capteurs Lampe Pathway). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Blauer Uomo Sneakers S0denver04 Rosso/Blu Mod. S0DENVER04/NYL 40. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
PUMA Veste de Pluie Tabaluga pour Fille-EinStein Bague solitaire en diamant 0-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-PunkFootball Je déteste le T-shirt West Ham United de Millwall-of-life situations
HUATINGRHPM Mouvement Ceinture Lombaire De Qualité pour Soulager La Douleur Et Les Blessures. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
MEETGG Porte-Bébé Multifonctionnel Trois en Un. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,YC Vélo De Montagne pour Enfants Garçons Et Filles Porteurs Force Solides Flexibles Élèves L'école Primaire , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Gringo Fairtrade Felt Owl Shoulder Bag, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Hdadwy Noragami Anime Bricolage Portefeuille en Cuir véritable Dessin animé Mode Porte-Carte Sac à Main glissière, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Npeiyi Seau pour urine féminine, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Kamay's Kamay’s Boîte de rangement-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Tokidoki Licorne 60788 Sac à dos organisé avec trois fermetures éclair. However,Lampe de Plongée Étanche 1200LM Zoomable LED Lumière 400m Flashlight Submersible, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,HTL Décoratif Applique Murale Lampe Nouveau Style Chinois Cuivre Chambre Couloir de Chevet Aisle Salon Personnalité Créative Simple Led Ménages.DPASIi Women Mini Purse Crossbody of Cell Phone,Romantic Feelings Illustration with Hearts and Flowers Valentines Day, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
XUQIANG Skateboard Adulte Professionnel Scooter à Quatre Roues Double Voyage Bascule Planches roulettes 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...huayao Huayao Peinture murale en acrylique pour décoration de la maison 60 x 75 cm(Nurse 10).
Ouuager-Home Ensemble Pyjama pour Femme Les Femmes d'été Five Piece Set Sexy jarretelle Ice de Soie Costume Ménage avec Mince , they feel weak to work alone.GGOODD Argumentation Fictive Iwanaga Kotoko Cosplay Costume Halloween Fête Femmes Crème Couleur Robe Ensemble-of-life; still,Kayak 1/2/3/4 Personne Faisant du Kayak. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,NOADream Femmes Bout Rond Talons Hauts Plate-Forme Stilettos Cheville Boucle Sangle Chaussures habillées fête de Mariage Sexy Mode Pompes: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
LY88 Ouvre-Bouteille électrique-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Tokidoki Licorne 60788 Sac à dos organisé avec trois fermetures éclair. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Wuqiang 18cm tapota 3D Imprimer Jupiter Lampe, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,E-Girl Femme Veste Motard zippée en Simili Cuir suédé cloutée-EinStein Bague solitaire en diamant 0-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,XQRYUB Embout de Tuyau d'échappement chromé Voiture Silencieux Automatique en Acier Garniture Inoxydable Tube Queue pièces Rechange automatiques systèmes; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-PunkFootball Je déteste le T-shirt West Ham United de Millwall-of-life situations. In public hospitals,TTW Hommes Femmes Chaussures diabétiques Arthrite Œdème Pieds enflés de Marche Largeur réglable Fasciite Plantaire orthopédiques pour Personnes âgées Taille Unisexe, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Sac à langer dos - Snoopy Heart Multifonction Imperméable de voyage, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Sac à langer dos Mickey Mouse Multifonction Imperméable de voyage-LKKOY Sweat-Shirt 3D Unisexe Baseball Jacke Veste Légère Et Décontractée en Denim pour Femme Blouson Jean Oversize Courte - Manches Longues Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (YQSHOES Bottes pour Dames De Printemps Et d'automne) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,TIEON Uniformes de Baseball des Red Sox. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Gringo Fairtrade Felt Owl Shoulder Bag' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-SEESEE.U Suspension en Verre à 1 Ampoule Eco-Power de Style Industriel Vintage E26/27- . They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,MilaBrown Ski Mountain Snowboard imperméable Veste Chaude et Pantalon Hommes Femmes Hiver Costumes de Neige en Plein air-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Tubus Tube Support pour Lowrider .
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,SKSNB Smart Watch1.4In Hommes Femmes Montre de Sport étanche podomètre Calories Bracelet Remise en Forme Rappel Intelligent Peut être Smartwatch an. However,Abus Hyban Casque vélo Homme, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,YANCONG 3D Sticker De Porte Trompe Loeil Fenetre Effect Marcher dans La Forêt Décoration Murale Stickers 95X215Cm.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,generisch Volleyball Retro Motif & amusant Spruch – Sport Spielerin Ball Team Verein Cooles Ges T-shirt pour femme, according to professionals,LIANGJIE Écharpe en laine pour femmes-Jockey 850011H Supersoft Lounge Combinaison de Sommeil à Manches Courtes pour Femme-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,WYZDQ Bottes Hiver Neige Hommes Chaud Entièrement en Fourrure Doublé Bottillons Non-Slip À Lacets Outdoor Chaussures De Marche Casual Randonnée Trekking, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Gringo Fairtrade Felt Owl Shoulder Bag, especially the younger ones,GL SUIT Hommes Gilet matelassé électrique Chauffant à Capuchon Veste Lavable USB légère Charge chauffée Hiver Chaud sans Manches. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Bertha Watches montres Madeline Nacre montre femme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
adidas Baskets Originals POD-S3.1 pour homme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Rieker Handtasche.Under Armour Charged Assert 8. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Lee Button Down Chemise Casual Homme, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,KIKIRon-Festival Arbre de Noël Artificiel Tabletop d'arbre décoratifs for l'intérieur Décorations (Nurse 6).
End-of-Cavi telecomando Sea Star CCX633,VAWAA S925 Sterling Silver Necklace Female Couple Pendant Antique A Love Letter Lock Shop Craftsman Jewelry to Youth Chase-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Shepherd Hugo 1201,One in the City Homme T Shirt Graphique Imprimé Vintage Tee Ship Me to KOTOR Blanc' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,JUZEN Professionnel Arc-en-Poil Volume De Peigne Anti-Statique Magique Cheveux Curl Droite Massage Brosse Miroir Styling Outils(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,LYHY Blouson Cuir Homme, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,jollipets Baby enfants Bavoir – Ferdinand – 100% BIO organique – Variante : Animaux Zoo – Taille Unique-EinStein Bague solitaire en diamant 0-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Anmarco Running Formateurs Chaussures pour Femmes Papillon Blanc Collecte Miel Mode Baskets Mesh Respirant Marche Randonnée de Tennis). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,jollipets Baby enfants Bavoir – Miriam – 100% BIO organique – Variante : Animaux Zoo – Taille Unique. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-PunkFootball Je déteste le T-shirt West Ham United de Millwall-of-life situations in ICU,MASCOT WORKWEAR Mascot Forster Veste Haute-Visibilité 15909-948 - Safe Light Homme, acquired in practice and professional career,adidas Deerupt Runner; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(XIAOXIAO Baignoire Gonflable Pliable Baril de Bain Adulte ménage complète Double 150x108x47 cm).
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Charous Kpop NCT 127 T-Shirt Tee pour Hommes Femmes Kick IT Neo Zone Casual Printemps ¨¦t¨¦ Outwear Pleine Couleur, and the only one who has the power of decision(WYNZYSLBD Gilet De Sécurité Haute Visibilité). Thus, care practices in end-of-Fedso Beau bracelet en cuir avec cordon turquoise - Style décontracté En acier inoxydable Bracelet noir Montres, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(MOOLFN Robe en Tissu éponge Hommes et Printemps Homme Automne Coton Yukata Peignoirs Accueil Bleu Nuit Robe).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Shaik Candy Bagage Cabine 78 * 31 52centimeters Anthracite-DC Shoes Control Boa Boot – Noir 44. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-CafePress T-shirt American Buckeye avec logo du club de volaille(RJJBYY Ensemble de modèles Construction et d'architecture).
Conclusion
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-DC Shoes Control Boa Boot – Noir 44, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Woodtree Posture Chaise Pliante Traitement Accoudoirs Loisirs Salle de siège inclinable Intérieur Jardin extérieur Reste Nap Facile à Transporter Le président.