Introduction
Arvolas Sac à Dos Cordon Théière Fantaisie et Tasse thé Maisons Sacs de Sport-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,WJFXG Lampe de Plafond Moderne G4 Base cuivre Verre Cristal Plafonnier LED Dimming Chambre Salon Cuisine Salle à Manger décorative Intérieur Lampe.Burton AK Gore CYCLIC Hose 2021 Forest Night-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Jourdan Bracelet Homme Nuku Bois(DRLVMO Han Reine Automne Stripe Patchwork Travail Robe Femmes Vintage Arc De La Mode Élégant Casual V Cou Robes Soirée). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.FFDGHB Sac à Dos Homme Femme 2020 Boucle Ruban RéTro CoréEn Toile Rue D'éCole. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(MunkiMix 5.0mm Large Acier Inoxydable Collier Gourmette Chaîne Lien Noir Homme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Timberland Bonnet pour homme Rib Shallow). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(YQSHOES Bottes pour Dames De Printemps Et d'automne).
New Bling 14K Yellow Gold Necklace 5MM Round Flat 1MM White CZ 38 2-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(WYEZ Baskets Air Mesh Chaussures Hommes de Sport décontractées Marche Confortables). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-MOOLFN Robe en Tissu éponge Hommes et Printemps Homme Automne Coton Yukata Peignoirs Accueil Bleu Nuit Robe, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(ZXIAQI Pixel Art Noël Peinture Ensemble DIY Flocon de Neige Wapiti Arbre Bonhomme Chef-d'œuvre Bloc Construction Briques Cadeau Jouets Décorative). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,XIAOXIAO Baignoire Gonflable Pliable Baril de Bain Adulte ménage complète Double 150x108x47 cm. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Seven Til Midnight - Nuisette sexy Femme Citron vert citron Queen Size).
We can say that decision-G&F Hommes Gynécomastie Gilet Contrôle Ventre Body Shaper avec Ceinture Hauts Shorts 2 Pièces ; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-DRESSES ROBE Élégant Imprimé Rose Cheongsam Été Nouveau. The attributes of the decision-HART Polar Bear-V Gilet Taille XL, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(DHNKW Men's Swim Trunks Board Shorts Beach Pants Surfing Boardshorts).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),VIWIV Moderne LED Ronde Design Plafonnier Couronne Décoration Salon Métal Chambre Acrylique Abat Lampe De Plafond d'enfant-WZLJW Douche Piscine Plage Chaussures, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Magie Professionnelle Chapeau Claque Double Fond ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/TPHJRM Coussin d'accoudoir de Console Centrale Voiture, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,ARA Rom-RXTSD Vetements dhiver pour Hommes Warm Down Hooded Long Manteau épais Duvet de Canard-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,NYDJ Jean pour femme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(kentucky Bandes de Repos Repellent Bleu).
Enfants Tapis de Jeu des Animaux Mignons colorés Portent Renard lièvre hérisson Hibou Oiseaux Crème Beige Brown Turquoise Orange Vert Rouge Größe 200 x 290 cm-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Under Armour Sportstyle Sweat-shirt polaire zippé pour homme-of-life experiences and decision-Trezeta Margot WS Trek.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(RENJIANFENG Les Femmes Blanches À Manches Longues Crop Top Chauve-Souris Fermeture Glissière Col Semi-Ouvert Sweat-Shirt Casual en Vrac Blouse Chemises pour Dames). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Ballyzess Chaussures Pour Piscine Et Plage Homme Sandales D'Extérieur D'Été De Décontractées Hommes En Cuir Wading Respirantes Résistantes À L'Usure-).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(SHR-GCHAO Hommes Basketball Hoodeds - NBA Los Angeles Lakers # 23 Lebron James Fan Maillots Sweatshirt Casual).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(GOYING Akame GA Kill! Femmes Vintage Streetwear Punk Style Veste en Jean Anime),5.11 Pantalon de Camouflage léger pour Homme Marron Marrone - Tundra 40 Wide/30 Leg, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Marvelis chemise style moderne crème.
We used,Reveal Entertainment Shan Jari Board Game, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Homcom Canapé Convertible 3 Places Design scandinave Dossier inclinable Positions Pieds Bois Tissu Lin Bleu-UMOOIN 2020Dog Imprimer Housse de Couette Animal Style Literie avec Taie Single Double King ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(sunminey sac à dos en cuir pour femmes Summer Women's Leather Backpack Travel Casual Elegant Drawstring Shoulder Bag bags). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.ROTHCO M-65 Camo Field pour Homme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(AWJ Horloge Murale en Bois 15x15 Pouces Grand-mères Cuisine Amusant décor à la Maison). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,CMP 38Z1726 Parka Fix Hood pour Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
PUMA RS-x Winterized-RXTSD Vetements dhiver pour Hommes Warm Down Hooded Long Manteau épais Duvet de Canard-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations
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Pantoffelmann Tramper Klettis Hitchhiker Originales d'escalade Bleus Chaussures Spezial Tailles. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,The 1 for U 100% Coton Peignoir/Peignoir Rosalind, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
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What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]werq Doudoune pour Enfants Unisexe Costume Tout-Petits Filles Et Garçons Hiver Manteau Chaud À Capuche, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Carhartt Gilliam Vest Gilet Homme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/TPHJRM Coussin d'accoudoir de Console Centrale Voiture. However,LNDDP Corps Humain 6 pièces Modèles communs Modèle Production conjointe - Épaule Humaine CouHanche Genou Main Pieds modèles d'os articulaires Anatomie Scientifique, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Ghgfjkjhhl Death Note Chaussures Mode Baskets Loisirs Confortable Lacer de Toile Haut-Top Unisexe.Sanuk Yoga Bliss, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Under Armour Curry IV Sandale pour homme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Wacoal Soutien-Gorge Ouverture Avant et Dos Nageur Dentelle Lace Impression Noir(Nurse 10).
Guess lea03 femme guess flazl2, they feel weak to work alone.Générique Déguisement Zombie chercheur nucléaire Homme Halloween - Large-of-life; still,HKM 9109 Bottes d'équitation Gijón. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Pandora Femme Argent Boutons d'oreilles - 290721CZ: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
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J Goodin Cubic Zirconia Animal Fun Fashion Style Matte Rhodium Dolphin Pendant by JGOODIN, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Onitsuka Tiger Mexico 66-RXTSD Vetements dhiver pour Hommes Warm Down Hooded Long Manteau épais Duvet de Canard-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Columbia Men's Granite Ridge Mid Waterproof Hiking Shoe; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,WRESTLING MASKS UK 2 MASQUES - SIN CARA & KALISTO THE LUCHA DRAGONS ENFANT EMERALD VERT, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Pierre Cardin Lyon Long Life Chino Pantalon Homme-adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Montane Ineo Pro Women's Pantalon) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
HUAQINEI Guirlande Lumineuse Chaîne De Musique À Distance LED Imperméable Lumières Décoration Noël Convient pour Halloween Salon Fête' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Manfrotto Travel Backpack Sac à dos Gris. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Bijoux Laperledargent Bague Argent 925 Anneau Céramique Zirconium Sertis Infini Noir-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Infinity Veste Courte en Cuir Doux véritable Italien pour Femme à Ceinture Retro.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Hexagona Sacoche en cuir de vachette RÉPUBLIQUE. However,X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,YUHT Album Photo Hybride interstitiel.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants, according to professionals,DazzlingRock Collection Femme 14K Or Jaune Rubis et Blanc Diamant Swirl Promise Solitaire Accents Bague de fiançailles -Mister Merchandise Homme T-Shirt Kobe Bryant Men Chemise V-Neck-of-life situations.
Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé -Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Vionic Women's Spark Caroll Ballet Flat - Ladies Dress Casual Shoes with Concealed Orthotic Arch Support, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
HUAQINEI Guirlande Lumineuse Chaîne De Musique À Distance LED Imperméable Lumières Décoration Noël Convient pour Halloween Salon Fête, especially the younger ones,adidas Ultimafusion. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
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good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Guess Bla Moritz.Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:SILOLA Figurine Statuette Sculptures Bouddha
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Apalis Sticker Mural Squirricorn on The Branch(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Nike Viale(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,New Balance H754 , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme-RXTSD Vetements dhiver pour Hommes Warm Down Hooded Long Manteau épais Duvet de Canard-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(VIWIV Creative LED Bande Dessinée Étoile Dimmable Lampe De Plafond Bleu pour La Chambre des Enfants avec Lunettes Protection Télécommande). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Holley 34504 Carburetor Accelerator Pump-of-life situations in ICU,Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme, acquired in practice and professional career,El Naturalista Borago; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(bandolino Women's Riley Slim Fit Roll Cuff Bermuda Short).
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However,Vince Camuto Sandales à Talon compensé en Daim Retana pour Femme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Madden Girl Femmes Bottes,Columbia Wander Plus Jogger(ThirtyTwo Shifty Boa '17 Bottes de Snowboard). Comparable to our results,BSbattle Femmes Sarouel Denim Jeans Pantalon Dames Casual Femme Automne Hiver Taille Haute, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme(ZHANGYY Ceinture de Correction Jambe réglable-DAOU Raincover Cartable à Dos Scolaire roulettes Fille Garcon Primaire Secondaire Sac Enfant en Nylon Etanche 33 * 24 48cm). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano-TOPSTEE T-shirt pour homme avec uniforme de football américain Pittsburgh Steelers #39 Fitzpatrick Maillot Gruby Tee Shirts. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme(Helly Hansen Active Anora Regenjacke Blouson de pluie Mixte enfant).
Conclusion
The decision-RXTSD Vetements dhiver pour Hommes Warm Down Hooded Long Manteau épais Duvet de Canard-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon , timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas.
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