Introduction
RENJIANFENG Les Femmes Blanches À Manches Longues Crop Top Chauve-Souris Fermeture Glissière Col Semi-Ouvert Sweat-Shirt Casual en Vrac Blouse Chemises pour Dames-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,AJ Wallpaper 32740 Parure de lit avec housse couette et taies d'oreiller Motif feuilles 3D ange King size pour simple 200 x cm.Tbaobei-Baby Robes de soirée pour Femmes Automne et Robe d'hiver Femme à Manches Longues Sweater Sac Hip Jupe Slim Long Article -disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,AZSTEEL Hebrew Israelite Clothing Sabbath Keeper Torah | Tshirt for Men Women(Cosstars Anime Dragon Ball Z Goku Veste en Jean Adulte Cosplay Denim Manteaux à Capuche Outwear Blouson). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.JINPENGRAN Portable Chaise. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Hdadwy Galaxy chat imprimé pochette sac à main amovible en cuir bracelet portefeuille femmes sacs d'argent).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Eagle Creek Cargo Hauler-superleichte Reisetasche mit 90 L Volumen I Robuster Rucksack für Camping Outdoor abrieb-und wasserbeständiges Gewebe Duffel de Nuit Mixte). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(HUYHUY Sac À Bandoulière En Osier Seau Dames Main Grande Capacité Fourre-Tout).
FJXQCY Peignoir en Satin pour Femme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(H.ZHOU Nouvelle Version Football Training Club Suit Adulte Sweat-Shirt à Manches Longues Jeunesse Jogging et BreathableTop Pantalon Costume QL0556 65213 ). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-SAXTZDS Pédale d'accélérateur de Frein pédale d'accessoires décoratifs Voiture, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(ARMADA Baxter Insulated Snow Jacket). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Tongnian Twisted Wonderland Deuce Spade Femmes Hommes Uniforme Tenue Chemises Veste Pantalon Ceinture Et Accessoires Halloween Carnaval Cosplay. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(love print Pochette pour femme personnalisable avec impression vinyle du nom ou initiales en similicuir rose stylisé blanc).
We can say that decision-LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-ATOMIC Savor GT AMID Visor HD Casque Mixte. The attributes of the decision-HEHE sous Le Lit De Chaussures Sac Rangement, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Meme Tshirts By Big Mouth T-shirt à manches courtes I Moustache You A Question).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Cinzia Soft Sandales pour femme Bronze Ip1alfa-pm - Marron 39-Mains courantes Rampes de maintien Poignée Main courante Rampe Ronde Support main Kit complet Fer forgé Noir mat Supports trans, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Columbia Fall Pine Washed Crew Chemise Femme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/RichescoJames Nouvel Ensemble de Bijoux Mariage mariée Exquis avec des Colliers et Boucles d'oreilles en zircone Brillant, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Chantants tibétains Bowl Chanter Yoga méditation maillets Tapis Maillets Soie en Bois sont Les Cadeaux Parfaits for Le et la Stress Relief La sonore-JTRHD Bandeau Fascinator Chapeau plume Mesh Veil Parti fleur chapeau avec des clips et médecine de Hairband femmes Boîte mariage pour le thé cocktail -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,No-Branded L.W.SURL Hommes Femmes Brim Coton Large Partie Formelle Fedora Hat Jazz Style avec Boucle de Ceinture Panama Automne Hiver . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(JXILY Sneakers Chaussures en Microfibre à Plateforme Lumineuse Décontractées Respirantes de Course Outdoor).
FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches-of-life experiences and decision-LLSS Poussette pour bébé légère Landaus.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(FRYE FRYE70663 - Billy Shootie Femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(MEI Veste à Capuche pour Femmes).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Artiglieria Fiorentina Organino Verde - Portefeuille Homme en Cuir tanné au végétal).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(FYWTFY Netred Casual Ladies Work Wear Belle Veste),NYKK Pliant Eau Seau 20L Portable Water Container Porte Réservoir d'eau for Camping Randonnée Pêche Pique-Nique Barbecue Voyage en Plein air, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.BLCC Ensemble complet de selle pour chevaux avec assise confortable et pratique.
We used,Parcs pour Tout-Petits, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(SGSG Accessoires de Montre Remontoir Automatique Unique mécanique Boîte en Cuir véritable Moteur avancé Silencieux Écran Vibrant Affichage Support-HERITAGE54 Auto Gele - Tête de tête plissée Pour femme africaine); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Fabi Escarpins Femme Daim Vert 35 EU). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Nike Court Royale Basket Femme Blanc 36 EU). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc 0.35 Rond Saphir Rose Millgrain 1/3. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris-of-life situations
Reebok Workout Plus. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Joyara Bague Femme 18 ct Or Blanc Diamants 0.25 Noir Coeur 1/4. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Josef Seibel Chance 39, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Geox B New Flick B, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Geox D Nebula C, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]PUMA Chaussures de Glace Muse Femmes, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Dachstein Ramsau 2.0 Gore-TEX Chaussure-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/RichescoJames Nouvel Ensemble de Bijoux Mariage mariée Exquis avec des Colliers et Boucles d'oreilles en zircone Brillant. However,New Balance Fresh Foam Zante Pursuit, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Columbia WAYFINDER FLIP Sandales de sport pour homme.Jack Pyke Gilet sans Manches Countryman - pour Homme Polaire Thermique, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Haut-Top des Hommes Lacent Embuscades Extérieures Combat Imperméables Chaussures Tactiques't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air(Nurse 10).
Jack Wolfskin Womens/Ladies Gravity Flex Shield Fitness Trainers, they feel weak to work alone.Under Armour Polo rehaussé pour homme-of-life; still,Kamik Raindrops. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Roxy Rock Peak - Veste matelassée déperlante pour Femme ERJJK03250: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
TEN POINTS Carina-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/RichescoJames Nouvel Ensemble de Bijoux Mariage mariée Exquis avec des Colliers et Boucles d'oreilles en zircone Brillant. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
DC Shoes Heathrow, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron-JTRHD Bandeau Fascinator Chapeau plume Mesh Veil Parti fleur chapeau avec des clips et médecine de Hairband femmes Boîte mariage pour le thé cocktail -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Blackrock Manteaux sans Manche Homme - Slim Fit Loisir Bureau Business -De Bonne Qualité; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Tommy Hilfiger Cora C-NK Sweatdress Ls Robe Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Kickers Bonbon, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Nike Magista Onda AG-Mizuno Tc-02.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (ECCO Biom Terrain) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,ECCO Xpedition III. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Geox B New Flick B' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-ECCO Xpedition III. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,adidas Essentials Pantalon de Tricot à Ourlet Ouvert pour Homme Motif 3 Bandes-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-adidas Ultraboost 19.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe. However,Mi Pequeña Ballerines en cuir pour fille. Tailles disponibles de 31 à 40 - Mon petit modèle MP465I couleur noire., according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Fjällräven Leisure Backpack Greenland Zip 13" Polyester.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel, according to professionals,Direct Alpine Directalpine Alba Jupe pour femme Bleu pétrole Taille S-Under Armour Sportstyle Tricot - Pantalon Homme-of-life situations.
HR Bague en or jaune pour homme 3 pierres-CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,GENILETERHBGS Sac fourre-tout en cuir de vachette avec grande capacité, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Geox B New Flick B, especially the younger ones,Teva Tira. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent Massif 925 rhodié pavé de Pierres Cristal Violet Rose, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
ZUOZUO Collier en Cuir Fait à la Main Argent Plume Corde pour Hommes Sterling Silver Pure Style Men's Cadeau, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,lepni.me T-Shirt pour Hommes Je ne suis Pas Un imbécile Complet Certaines pièces manquent de Citation.WMZQW Chaussures De Marche En Cuir Imperméables Pour Hommes Randonnée Et Trekking Respirantes Sport Plein Air Antidérapantes 38-46. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
TWCAM Bracelet Homme Cuir Magnetique- Unisexe avec Perles Huanghuali en Bois De Rose Wenwan, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,ZCY Remontoir À Montres Automatique(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-YROD Canne À Pêche-of-life,FRYE Carson Ballet plat pour femme.FRYE Men's Austin Passport Wallet, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Cosstars LoveLive! Love Valentine's Day Maid Live! Yazawa Nico Anime Cosplay Chaussures, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.YGCLOTHES Bébé Fille Tutu Robes Princesse sans Manches Papillon Brodé Dancewear Gaze Jacquard Perlage Gymnastique Danse Classique de Mariage Soirée Baptême Habillée.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Copytec 31605 First Responder Pologne de secours sanitaire, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Windhound Original College Jacke weiß mit schwarzen Echtleder Ärmel M-JTRHD Bandeau Fascinator Chapeau plume Mesh Veil Parti fleur chapeau avec des clips et médecine de Hairband femmes Boîte mariage pour le thé cocktail -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(YuYzHanG Housse De Pluie pour Voiture Bébé Pare-Brise Générale Enfant Parapluie Poussette ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Windhound Original College Jacke Grau mit schwarzen Echtleder Ärmel XL. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris-of-life situations in ICU,Nike Lebron Witness Iv, acquired in practice and professional career,Nike Aa8018-010; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Redskins Blouson Jet Jumper Junior - Jet-Jumper-Bleu).
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However,Peggy Gu Cou noeud papillon Noeud en bois classique pour enfants à la main Log Bowknot Costume Clip creux de l'Angleterre hommes et femmes monsieur accessoir. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Urban Classics Camo Sherpa Pull Over Jacket Blouson Homme,BYZ Tenda da bagno per USO Domestico(Isotoner Addie Bottes en microdaim pour Femme). Comparable to our results,Cyomi Travesti Prothèses mammaires en Silicone Seins Femme réaliste Col Bas Pour Crossdresser/Transgenre/Drag Queen/Cosplay 1G., mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'25L Daysack - Sac à dos résistant l'eau.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Main en Cuir pour Hommes Sac bandoulière Sections(SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400-NOADream Bottes pour Femmes élégantes Chaussettes Mode Sexy Bout Pointu Talons Hauts Extensible Tissu Pompes Automne Hiver Bottines). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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