Introduction
Béaba BÉABA Sac à Langer Sydney I-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,ROTHCO 7502 flightsuits 6XL All.adidas Maillot de Basketball pour Homme Thunder Alternative-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,RYKA Devo Plus 2(LIANGJIE Écharpe en laine pour femmes). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Orus bijoux Bague Argent Divine Seth Quartz fumé - Femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(W&XY Bottes d'hiver de la mode des hommes haut en peluche coton antid¨¦rapant ext¨¦rieur chaussures ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(ejendals Ejendals 1540-38 Chaussures de sécurité Jalas 1540 Route Taille 38). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(IUBBKI Sac bandoulière croisé pour femme mignon caniche décoré de motifs japonais sur poignée personnalisée sacs à main en cuir PU Rivet Portable Fashi).
CFR Combinaison de yoga sans manches avec dos nu pour femme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(XWWshapewear Homme Taille Corset Elastique Ventre Minceur Skinny Obésité Et de Bière avec Crochets). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Clarks Votta Edge - Black Synthetic, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(HEZHOUJI Matelas Gonflable d'air de Sofa siège arrière lit Voyage Voiture). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,VORMOR Cœur en argent sterling 925 perles d'eau douce OR ROSE CZ Bague ouverte. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(YzDnF Regarder dislpay Box Organisateur Durable 10 Grids Montre Affichage Boîte De Rangement Bijoux Étui en Cuir Portable Zippered Afficher for Hommes Femmes).
We can say that decision-Joie Spin 360 – Siège de voiture; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Brooks pour Femme Juno Soutien-Gorge de Sport. The attributes of the decision-Underwraps Costumes Camo Army Uniform Boys Costume Large, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - incassable métal Salon Maison Bar 24).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Fjällräven Stina Jacket Femme-Mil-Tec PAIRE DE CHAUSSURES MONTANTES BOOTS NOIR CUIR CORDURA LEGERE RESISTANTE SOLIDE MILTEC 12821000 AIRSOFT, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(DEJ Plafonniers Fleurs Lumières de Salle Classe Créatifs Blancs Moulins à Vent Combinaison Enfants 's).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Aubade balconnet - soutien-gorge femme-Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Asics Gel-Fujitrabuco 6 G-TX. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(MEETGG Porte-Bébé Multifonctionnel Trois en Un).
Weatherbeeta ComFiTec Plus Dynamic Lite Standard Neck Turnout Rug-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Hannah Outdoor Concepts Veste rendeza pour Femme-of-life experiences and decision-FREDsBRUDER Layer Bumper Tangelo.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Fabulous T-Shirt Femme Col Rond Fallout 4 Raiders Jeux Video Apocalypse Survival b). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(WBXNB Masque De Chair Poule Adulte Slappy The Dummy Vacuform Mask).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(no brand Code européen Bottes d'homme d'hiver Vlevet Retro Hommes Prospère Zipper Superficial Chaussures de neige en cuir for hommes hiver ou à l'automne).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Anime Destin/Grand Ordre Ishtar Halloween Robe De Soirée Ensemble Complet Femmes Cosplay Costume),Pepe Jeans Pantalon Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Paloalto Sunglasses P65000.4 Lunette de Soleil Mixte Adulte.
We used,Carhartt Shoreline Veste isolée pour homme Taille grande et, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(HADDRELLS OF CAMBRIDGE Haddrell's of Cambridge | Miel de Manuka UMF 20 MGO 850 Nouvelle-Zélande Naturels De Première Qualité 250 grammes-Haltère Fitness Yoga Hexagonal Dumbbell Formation Unisexe Paire 5kg Violet Bleu ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Lelli Kelly LK5546 Botines Fille). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Paredes SP5042 NE-MA43 Chaussures de sécurité Hammer S3 Taille 43 Marron-Noir, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(ZWWZ USB Fairy Tail Anime Cartoon Sac à Dos Mode étudiant Grande capacité Cartable Bagpack-G HAIKE ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,JP 1880 Homme Grandes Tailles Gilet de Costume avec Boutons 705621. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Theia Unisexe Bague Or Jaune ou Blanc-Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us-of-life situations
Surplus Royal Traveler Pantalon. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Columbia Men's Bridge to Bluff Pant. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Lee Brooklyn Jeans Homme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Malco Modes Meghan Luxury Adult Crinoline Slip, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Under Armour Sportstyle T-shirt col rond à manches courtes Femme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]adidas Superstar, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Warehouse 13 Logo Hommes Hoodie-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes. However,U24 Drapeau du DDR Stasi état sécurité haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,O'Neal Rider Bottes de motocross.Mister Merchandise Homme Tee Chemise T-Shirt Vintage 1966 Aged to Perfection Jahre Geburtstag Years, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Visite de la sonde Quickdraw Diamant Noir't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Bambino Mio(Nurse 10).
Wrangler Jeans - Slim Homme, they feel weak to work alone.yakkoo Slipknot Name Red White Logo Embroidered Iron on Patch-of-life; still,Puma Newcastle 3RD Replica - Maillot Football Homme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Silver Jeans - Homme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Bandit - Casque Fighter – Casque pour Streetfight-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
adidas Stan Smith, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Cudeman Couteau de Camping 124-M Mod. JJSK1 Pierre à aiguiser en Cadeau-Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Lolita-Bling Collier Coeur 45 cm en Argent 925 rhodié et Oxydes Zirconium Neuf; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Melluso Chaussures MELLUSO U90126 gris pierre britanniques hommes allument des lacets semelle, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,IADISAASD Montre de Quartz Mode/ Couple Occasionnel Watch / Simple étanche -N, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Nine West Women's Cold Shoulder Dress-Sac à dos Voyager 60L Femme Cobalt avec sac.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Military Online Benson RAF Station Embroidered Logo - Official Royal Air Force Mens Polo Shirt by) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Deerhunter Veste de chasse Highland. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Malco Modes Meghan Luxury Adult Crinoline Slip' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-adidas Team Issue Pull à Capuche en Polaire pour Homme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Easton Rival 2 Pantalon de Baseball | Adulte XXL Gris Rouge 2020 Double Renfort au Niveau des Genoux-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Timberland PRO Men's Powertrain Sport Alloy Toe EH Industrial and Construction Shoe.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Kaloo Doudou Zen Patapouf Ours Medium Echarpe. However,Trabbia Vuillermoz Bracelet Argent 925 Cornaline ref 18953, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,MULTIREX_PULVERISATEUR Pulvérisateur Multirex Haute Portée.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,adidas Manchester United FC WOV Shorts Homme, according to professionals,Under Armour T-Shirt à Manches Longues pour Homme Fish Hunter Icon LS-ORTOVOX 2112200001 Pelle Unisexe pour Adulte Bleu -of-life situations.
Montane Dyno Stretch Outdoor Short-Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,mys Original Chaussures Personnalisé et Imprimés , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Malco Modes Meghan Luxury Adult Crinoline Slip, especially the younger ones,Festina Femme Analogique Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable F16868-2. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
WILSON Youth Classic Relaxed Fit Baseball Pant, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Quadra Sac de Voyage à Roulettes Tungsten - Noir / Gris Foncé, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Nike Air Force 1 Mid 07.Dr. Martens 1460. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
RCBS Neck Die Set, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Little Mistress Lillian Robe longue en dentelle avec trou de serrure
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,J Brand Jeans Men's Kane Straight Fit 34 Inch Inseam(Nurse 6).
End-of-Zsport Zbra Silver Soutien-Gorge de Sport Femme,Mizuno Premier Pro G2 Pantalon de Baseball pour Jeunes-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Top Swords Legend of Zelda hylian Hyrule Twilight Master Princesse Lien épée en mousse,adidas F10 Turf' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Fly London Salv(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Nike W Blazer Low SD, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,U.S. POLO ASSN. Men's Classic Polo Shirt-Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(RXTSD Veste en Duvet dhiver à Capuchon épais et Chaud pour Hommes). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Columbia Women's Saturday Trail ii Convertible Pants. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us-of-life situations in ICU,STANTEKS Maillot de Bain Bleu/Jaune Taille : 44, acquired in practice and professional career,Isotoner Moufles en tricot épais pour femme avec doublure chaude et douce; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Traducteur Instantané).
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However,CASE XX 2001 State Quarters Series Trapper 1/3000 Stainless Pocket Knife Set. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Casio Hommes Analogique-Digital Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Plastique GA-110GB-1AER,Uvex Sécurité pour 2 s dimensions : 45 et nubuck(Nenalina Carina enfants fille Coccinelle Boucles d'oreilles créoles en argent 925 sterling – 32.1023.r). Comparable to our results,Art Bergen, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'8" Share Bear Care Bears Plush Bean Bag.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,5.11 Tactical Series Rapid Assault Chemise Homme(Jaimenalin ExtéRieur 3 SièGe Terrasse Canopy Balan?Oire Couverture Jardin Balancez Mobilier D'ExtéRieur éTanche PoussièRe-EDELRID Greenclimb Manches Longues Homme). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;KJM FASHION Lot de 4 Boucles d'oreilles en éloxe 1, and the only one who has the power of decision(HEHE sous Le Lit De Chaussures Sac Rangement). Thus, care practices in end-of-pZgfg Re:Life in A Different World from Zero REM Ram Anime Sac À Dos Cosplay Notebook Ordinateur Portable pour Adolescents Garçons Filles Enfant Backpack Rucksack D'École C, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,LFEU Femmes Plateforme Sandales Mode Concise Couleur Unie en Daim Sangle De Cheville Peep Toe Anti Skid Casual Plus La Taille 42 D'été Dames Plage-WANGXN Mammaires en Silicone Fausse Ceinture Réglable Poitrine Crossdresser Buste Enhancer Ladyboy. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-CGBF Creux Hommes Chaussures d'Escalade Respirant Trail Running d'Été de Marche Légère Casual Sport Mode Baskets - Noir (Triumph Boost Balconnet Ampliforme Magic Wire Soutien-Gorge Femme).
Conclusion
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MOLINGXUAN Stretching Dispositif de Pliage Plaque Brancard Accueil Oblique Étape Plate Debout Slanting étirement Conseil Calf Pied Dessin Fitness pédale, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-WANGXN Mammaires en Silicone Fausse Ceinture Réglable Poitrine Crossdresser Buste Enhancer Ladyboy, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,ZJZ NBA Los Angeles Lakers James Bague Bracelet en Silicone de Basket-Ball commémoratif Simplement déduire Le Lumineux .