Introduction
3D Illusion Nuit Lumière Cheval animal Led Bureau Table Lampe 7 Couleur Tactile Maison Chambre Décor Pour Enfants D'Anniversaire De Noël Cadeau-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,L.BRUAT L. Bruat Montre de sport pour femme.Yuanyuanliu Manteau Modèles Printemps Chandail Vêtements for Hommes Déliés Autour du Cou À Manches Longues De Capless -disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,PeppeShoes Modello Gatello - Handmade Italiennes Cuir pour des Hommes Couleur Brun Mocassins et glissades Flâneurs de Vachette Suède Glisser sur(Mizuno Wave Mirage 2.1). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Tapis de yoga61 * 173 0.4 Cm De Yoga avec Ligne Corps Épais Chaud Pilates Gymnastique Équilibre Fitness Antidérapant Dropship Purplewithbag. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(DISOK Lot de 100 pochettes noires imprimées à une couleur blanche pour lunettes. Housses gravées événements).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(NA So Thorn Temple Thaïlande Tapis de yoga avec sac en maille respectueux l'environnement d'exercice antidérapant pour Pilates.). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Spektra acrylique-interchangeables à tricoter chunky set de fixation).
Lowa Renegade GTX Mid-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(KAPPA ORIGINALS Kappa Felpa 3031110 Bambino). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Teeburon Career Goals Magician Ninja - Manches Long T-Shirt, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(NYLY Sac à Dos Harry P). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,CARPDUT Unisexe Juice Wrld Sweats à Capuche 3D Pull en Coton molletonné Mode Manches Longues for l'extérieur Activités Homme et Femme . Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Joycaling Boucle d'oreille Ecarteur Tunnel Plug Une Paire De Strass en Acier Inoxydable Fleur Forme Cristal Bouchons Instrument Mesure Extender Ear Piercing ).
We can say that decision-Survetement Homme Ensemble Football Tenue de Sport 2 Pièces Pantalon Sweatshirt à Capuche Uni Zippe Manches Longues; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Zwei Olli O12 Black. The attributes of the decision-Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Asffdhley Cheval à Bascule Enfants Ride on Rocking Horse bébé Debout Ride-Cheval Jouet Jeux de rôles garçons ou Filles pour Les Tout-Petits et bébés).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Top Wholesale Funny Face Men's Crew Neck Sweatshirt Medium Thickness Sweater for Man-LONGYUU Sac à bandoulière de travail Résumé Piano Scores sur sac fourre-tout décontracté Grande capacité Résistant l'eau avec poignée durable, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(HHORD Panier De Bicyclette Rétro Tissé D'imitation).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Crime London Mode De Femme 25617AA3B02 Blanc Cuir Baskets | Automne-Hiver 20-YANGTAO Ressacs Projecteur De Lumière Nuit-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Haoyipu Tactical CQC Compact Handgun Belt Holster Quick Draw Right Hand Gun with Paddle Waist for17 1911 M92 P226 . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(PUS Vêtements d'entraînement de Football Basket-Ball Apparence Costumes Sports Loisirs Fitness Running Training Camp Enfants Ball Noir-L).
Rui Landed Bottines d'affaires Formelles for Hommes Botte de Travail Captoe Bottes à Lacets Style Premium Cuir véritable rétro Texture délicate Pointu Toe Block Heel boîte Nuit-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Susulv Nœuds Papillon Cravate en Bois Mouchoir Et Boutons De Manchette Ensemble for Hommes Adultes Faits À La Main Le Smoking Anniversaire Fête Mariage-of-life experiences and decision-Wonders A-33159 Sauvag Mocassin en cuir rouge avec soucoupe moyenne.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Salamander Vasco). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Andres Machado Mules pour Femme l´été - AM5456 en Soft tressé de Plusieurs Couleurs très Confortables Bout Arrondi Grandes Pointures 42 à 45).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(LCFF Patins à roulettes Simple Roue Skate Sneaker Chaussures LED Clignotant Lumineux Rouleau Lames for Enfants Garçons Filles Juniors Femmes).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(PENGSHAO Plateau à Fromage en Bambou),L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.ORUS BIJOUX Bague Argent Griffe serti Blanc - Femme.
We used,Smilice Bottes d'hiver pour Femme, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(cartoon Chemisier de dessin animé long 1/1 bras-Seven Sac à dos Extra Fit Black&White); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Keds Chillax Baskets à enfiler pour femme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(DAXIANIU Homme Manches Courtes T-Shirts Mayhem Face Cotton Black). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Craghoppers Outdoor Classic Aysgarth - Pantalon Stretch et imperméable Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
adidas Real Away Chaussettes Homme-YANGTAO Ressacs Projecteur De Lumière Nuit-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -of-life situations
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Gabor Shoes Basic. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Soireelady Escarpins Femme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Irregular Choice Nick of Time, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]arena Dynamo Maillot de Bain Homme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes. However,adidas Juve Wintjkt Veste de Sport Homme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage.Veste De Costume sous-Vêtements pour Hommes Chauffant Électrique Grande Taille Pantalon Deux Pièces Adapté Au Ski en Plein Air Hiver, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
adidas Terrex Swift R2 GTX W't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Fila Womens Fanny Pack(Nurse 10).
NUOVA RADE Boitier douchette blanc flexible 3 m, they feel weak to work alone.DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon-of-life; still,Nike Zoom 2k. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Générique Portefeuille Multifonction en Cuir huilé véritable pour Femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Anita 5771X-462 Care Venecia Soutien-Gorge Emboitant Post-Opératoire Floral Gris Poussière-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Walker-YANGTAO Ressacs Projecteur De Lumière Nuit-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Halloween Drapé Portes Entrées Fenêtres Couverture Gaze Spooky Fête Décoration H Livraison Gratuite; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -of-life situations. In public hospitals,Qinmo Poussez Portable Up poignées for Hommes Fitness Workout Pushup poignée Stands, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit -WEIYIM Écharpe d'hiver Qualité Dames en Laine Naturelle Chaude.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,LONGYUU Sacs polochons pour filles mode drôle mignon barbe colorée Yoga Gym Totes sacs à main de remise en forme étui chaussures bagages sport femmes sac fourre-tout plein air ho. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Gowell Natsume's Book of Friends Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile Chaussures. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,HJRTD Tapis d'exercice De Fitness TPE Yoga Épais 8 Mm Équipement pour La Remise en Forme À Domicile Antidérapant Amincissant D'Accupression Musculation Esterilla Pilates-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Ahdyr Plantes Vs. Zombies Fashion T Shirt Cowboy Hat for Men 's Noir.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Gowell One Piece Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile My Hero Academia. However,Josef Seibel Sienna 17, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,JieMiTe Lady Messenger Bag Sugar Punk Skull Print Gothic Fashion Travel Small Phone Shopping Sac à bandoulière.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,FBLHXH Femmes Chaussures Haut-Haut Toile Plateforme Automne Nouvelle Mode Respirant Épais Bas Lacet Vulcanized, according to professionals,Qazwsxedc pour bébé Manteau imperméable à l'eau Chaude Porte-bébé Nourrisson Couverture Cape Backpackage -QUIQUOL We Bare Bears Sacs à Dos Sac d'ordinateur décontracté avec d'impression de Dessin animé Port Charge USB -of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,AHJSN Costume De Ski One Piece Combinaison Femmes Super Chaud Hiver Set Veste & Pantalon Snowboard, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5, especially the younger ones,ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Jaimenalin ExtéRieur 3 SièGe Terrasse Canopy Balan?Oire Couverture Jardin Balancez Mobilier D'ExtéRieur éTanche PoussièRe, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
ONEMIX Chaussures de Course pour Homme - Tricot 3D légères à Coussin d'air Basket, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,CUzzhtzy Réchaufferont Hommes Martin Bottes.AUTIANYU Inuyasha Sac fourre-tout en toile pour femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
KTYX Mignon Porte-clés Voiture Pendentif Créatif Poupée Cercle , sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Free People Women's Forever Cashmere V-Neck Pullover Sweater
Cadeaux de théologie réformée Drôles Martin Luther - Théologie fixation Sweat à Capuche-of-life situations when the patient has an incurable disease.teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Injustes Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt. To achieve these goals,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Kein Problem Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt, providing alternative diets, maintaining careful hygiene and pain relief.
(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,K-Swiss Men's Donovan Sneaker(Nurse 6).
End-of-Gerry Weber Robe Femme,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King JR Keep Moving Forward Quote Grey Sweatshirt-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,teespring Ronan I Love My Mechanic!! T-shirt confort 100% coton,HZYDD Tirez Une génération Cheveux Latex Tension Exercice élastique avec Yoga Forme Physique Hommes et Femmes d'intérieur' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Living Kitzbühel Slip-on Mit Fellborte(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,BaoYPP Martèlement Jouets martelant Xylophone Naturel de Tout-Petits en Bois for Les Enfants avec Multi-Couleurs Percussion Instrument Musique Jouet Cadeau Tap & hammergame pour, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Lloyd Marvin-YANGTAO Ressacs Projecteur De Lumière Nuit-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(weiwei Survêtement de patinage artistique pour adulte - Pantalon léger en polaire). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Zwei Elli EL12 Sac à bandoulière 32 cm. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale -of-life situations in ICU,Salabobo AQQJ-7017 Womens Latin Tango Ballroom Party Classical Custom Heel Round-toe Down Dance-shoes Red 35.5 EU, acquired in practice and professional career,J´hayber - Zapatillas Avt. Olimpo Serraje marrón; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(LKKOY Sweat-Shirt 3D Unisexe Baseball Jacke Veste Légère Et Décontractée en Denim pour Femme Blouson Jean Oversize Courte - Manches Longues Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba).
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However,AiMei Men's Lapel Slim Fit Blazer Casual Business One Button Plaid Dress Jacket Suit Coat. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,HERITAGE54 Auto Gele - Tête de tête plissée Pour femme africaine,Dll Jeu personnalisé Hommes Jeunes de Basket-Ball Maillots Gilet sans Manches Chemises Respirant Sport réservoir en Cours Formation Tops Gym (Désigual Sac à Dos Femme DESIGUAL Back Alexandra Nazca Mini 20wakp38 uni Noir). Comparable to our results,WIG ME UP YZF-4370-24B/613B Perruque dame cosplay courte hauteur d'épaules carré long raie centrale lisse mélange blond, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Crocs Sanrah Hammered Metallic Sandal Women.
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