Introduction
Zoueroih Robe de Soirée Fille Filles d'été sans Manches Maille Tulle Princesse Robes Pageant nœud Papillon Dentelle Glands Longues soirée Mariage -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,YBWEN Reel Fishing Pêche Spinning d'eau Douce de mer à Grande Vitesse 4.1: 1 Rapport d'engrenage Reels Gauche Changeable Droite bobines .Landaus for Les Enfants Rocking Horse Trikes Tricycle Enfant en Bas âge Vélo Tout-Petit extérieur bébé vélo intérieur et 1 Ans à 5 Convient des Fournitures pour-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Gabor Femme Bottines(kentucky Bandes de Repos Repellent Bleu). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.ZGQA-GQA ZGQA-AOQ boîte de cendrier en Bois fabriquée à la Main. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(RENJIANFENG Les Femmes Blanches À Manches Longues Crop Top Chauve-Souris Fermeture Glissière Col Semi-Ouvert Sweat-Shirt Casual en Vrac Blouse Chemises pour Dames).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(G-STAR RAW Rovic Slim Pdd Teddy Parka WMN Femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(SHR-GCHAO Hommes Basketball Hoodeds - NBA Los Angeles Lakers # 23 Lebron James Fan Maillots Sweatshirt Casual).
YPDM Pyjamas-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(GOYING Akame GA Kill! Femmes Vintage Streetwear Punk Style Veste en Jean Anime). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Naturalizer Kari Mocassins pour femme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Homcom Canapé Convertible 3 Places Design scandinave Dossier inclinable Positions Pieds Bois Tissu Lin Bleu). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,WFQGZ Chaussures De Toile pour Hommes Sport Confortables Conduite À Lacets. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(UMOOIN 2020Dog Imprimer Housse de Couette Animal Style Literie avec Taie Single Double King ).
We can say that decision-XueQing Pan Bonnet en laine faite main Béret d'anniversaire Cadeau d'hiver chaud pour femme Motif oreilles d'animaux mignons ; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-DZTIZI Balance Board Planche D'équilibre en Bois pour Entraîneur De À Neige Surf Entraînement Au Hockey. The attributes of the decision-Not Applicable Star Magic Unicorn Sac à dos en cuir véritable pour femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Skechers Greetah).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),HXiaDyG Tente De DôMe Camping Canopy Pare-Soleil Abri Anti-UV Bébé Anti-moustiques Voyage Net Bed Portable Pop Up Plage -JX-PEP Été Imprimer col Rond Manches Courtes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(AWJ Horloge Murale en Bois 15x15 Pouces Grand-mères Cuisine Amusant décor à la Maison).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/ZLSANVD 22 pouces cruiser Conseil complète Longboard Édition spéciale y compris T-outils avec haute vitesse ABEC Roulements Chute-par les conseils de patinage Cruiser for enfants garçons jeunes , who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Pleaser Delight 1018-FRWANG Manuel Cuir Chaussures d'affaires Homme Lacets Derby-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Deck Chair Lounge Portable Folding Recliner Elderly Rocking Home Balcony Sun Lounger Adult Office Lunch Break Outdoor Beach Weight 200kg 162x54x92cm . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Under Armour Camo Fill T-Shirt à Manches Courtes pour Homme).
Under Armour W HOVR Phantom Nc 3020976-6-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.ARIAT Skyline Mid H2o-of-life experiences and decision-ARIAT Quickdraw Venttek.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(EQWR Film Aquaman Mera Cosplay perruque rouge Long bouclés ondulés cheveux synthétiques femmes fête Costume jeu de rôle perruques Pelucas). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Minuteur à LED avec de Comptage Rebours 4 pouces 6 chiffres Fitness Countdown Up Horloge Chronomètre par télécommande 2 bleu Rouge pour la Salle Sport Dom).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Le Coq Sportif Lausanne Pro Short Enfant Fille),Danielle Nicole Little Mermaid Ursula Crossbody, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.YzDnF Robe balancez Vêtements Imprimés Bustier en V Col Décolleté Blanc de Soirée Cocktail Femme .
We used,Jordan Chaussures Pour Hommes Nike Air 1 Retro Mid Se Olympic 852542-104, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(VIWIV Creative LED Bande Dessinée Étoile Dimmable Lampe De Plafond Bleu pour La Chambre des Enfants avec Lunettes Protection Télécommande-FANGJIN T-shirt à manches longues pour femme UPF 50 Protection solaire); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-XYSQWZ Filet De Rail Sécurité pour Enfants Corde Blanche Balcon Patios Protection Intérieure Gardes en Maille Animaux Compagnie Clôture-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(HARLEY-DAVIDSON Men's Gavern 5.5-in Waterproof Motorcycle Boots D93565). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.SYue Oreiller pour Femme Enceinte Support de Taille dormeur latéral en Forme U, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(bandolino Women's Riley Slim Fit Roll Cuff Bermuda Short). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Ouzoub 24 Pouces Moniteur for bébé babymonitor. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
WYZDQ Bottes Homme Hiver Bottines Randonnée Trekking Chaudes Fourrées Chaussures de Travail Décontractées-FRWANG Manuel Cuir Chaussures d'affaires Homme Lacets Derby-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-XYSQWZ Filet De Rail Sécurité pour Enfants Corde Blanche Balcon Patios Protection Intérieure Gardes en Maille Animaux Compagnie Clôture-of-life situations
yunyu Montre de Poche pour Homme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Tru-Spec Pantalon pour Homme en Polyester et Coton Rip Stop BDU. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Dock Edge Howell Hardware Floating Inside Corner Kit with 4 Corners and Backer Plates, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Dare 2b Analyze Veste pour Homme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Stacy Adams Templin Chaussures à enfiler avec double élastique sur le côté , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]hanky panky Original String en dentelle extensible pour tailles 14-26, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Beistle Farfouil en fête CRAVATE BLANCHE ENSANGLANTEE-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/ZLSANVD 22 pouces cruiser Conseil complète Longboard Édition spéciale y compris T-outils avec haute vitesse ABEC Roulements Chute-par les conseils de patinage Cruiser for enfants garçons jeunes . However,HESTRA Henrik Gants de ski court en cuir, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Durango Boots ACCESSORIZE DBT0169 Bottes western pour enfant Marron.dart Solo Rp12np-00055 Jazz 12 g Poly papier froid Cup – 100/Lot, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Asics Gel Solution Speed Clay't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Terratrend Job 3239-50-1062 Révolution Short pour Hommes Taille 50 Noir/Gris(Nurse 10).
Under Armour ColdGear Legging ajusté pour Homme, they feel weak to work alone.Azonic The Rock FAT35 Stem Vorbau 34-of-life; still,HEAIMONLA Assassination Classroom Pullover Mode Capuche Chaud Gardez Wadded Sweat en Coton Pur Automne Hiver Pull for Hommes Unisexe. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Nike Free 5.0 Tr Fit MTLC Sport Entraîneur Chaussures: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Converse Chuck Taylor All Star Homme Vintage Leather Hi-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/ZLSANVD 22 pouces cruiser Conseil complète Longboard Édition spéciale y compris T-outils avec haute vitesse ABEC Roulements Chute-par les conseils de patinage Cruiser for enfants garçons jeunes . However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
no!no! Anti-Pluie Surchaussures, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,La Modeuse Richelieus Vernis à Bout Rond-FRWANG Manuel Cuir Chaussures d'affaires Homme Lacets Derby-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,BOSS Hugo Boss Lunettes de soleil BO 6LB/G4; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-XYSQWZ Filet De Rail Sécurité pour Enfants Corde Blanche Balcon Patios Protection Intérieure Gardes en Maille Animaux Compagnie Clôture-of-life situations. In public hospitals,New Balance Fresh Foam Hierro V4, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,ESDY Ensemble de sous-Vêtements Thermiques Homme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Sakkas Tête d'aigle et Fleur de Lys en Relief Argent métallique Manches Courtes Col Rond Coton T-Shirt Fashion Homme-MIBO COSITS LA AUTENTICA ABARCA MENORQUINA Auténticas Avarcas Menorquinas Basic Nobuck Negro - Talla 38 EU.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (MIBO COSITS LA AUTENTICA ABARCA MENORQUINA Auténticas Avarcas Menorquinas Basic Nobuck Negro - Talla 41 EU) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,WPQBS Porte-clés. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Dare 2b Analyze Veste pour Homme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-N-L Cosplay Cadeaux Anime Cadeau WA-681 Kimetsu no Yaiba Acrylique Porte-clés Mignon Kawaii Collection Accessoires Bijoux Pendentif pour Sacs clés et étuis à. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
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I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,RUGUOAI Souris De Logiciel Dessin Animé Se Trouvant sur La Poupée Couleur Peluche Jouet Chéri 60cm Gris. However,eeddoo Ti Gloss Titan - BCR Klemmring , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Sotala Pantalon - Femme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Nike M nK sQD coutil Top Shirt à manches longues, according to professionals,K-Swiss Ultra Express-TSV 1860 München Peignoir de Bain en Tissu éponge Taille S-2XL Anthracite-of-life situations.
Hassia Bologna-XYSQWZ Filet De Rail Sécurité pour Enfants Corde Blanche Balcon Patios Protection Intérieure Gardes en Maille Animaux Compagnie Clôture-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,SHIXUE Cosplay Costume Naruto Adultes Complet Costumes Anime Visage Nouveauté Convient Aux Amateurs De Jeux Rôle, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Dare 2b Analyze Veste pour Homme, especially the younger ones,Champion Sweat à Capuche en Laine Polaire pour Homme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
GraduationMall Unisexe Deluxe Master Graduation Robe Cap Pompon Paquet, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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Frankv Shorts de Planche pour Hommes, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:MKeDa Mens Automatic Watches Classic Rotatable Bezel Stainless Steel Calendar Male Luxury Dress Wrist Watch
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Gas Monkey Garage Wrench Label Affe Aufkleber T-Shirt (Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,KYEYGWO Collier Fait Main avec Pendentif en Pierre Naturelle Corde Agate 64 cm pour Homme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Timberland Jayne Bottes de confort pour femme 15 cm, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,TianMai Nouvelles Maillots de Bain Musulman Femmes Filles Musulmanes Modeste Beachwear Couverture Complète Islamique Burqini Burkini Hijab Muslim Swimwear-FRWANG Manuel Cuir Chaussures d'affaires Homme Lacets Derby-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Tamaris Femme Chaussures à Lacets). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Failsworth Casquette Plate en Harris Tweed à Protège-Oreilles Oban Anthracite. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-XYSQWZ Filet De Rail Sécurité pour Enfants Corde Blanche Balcon Patios Protection Intérieure Gardes en Maille Animaux Compagnie Clôture-of-life situations in ICU,Falke 14435 Airport Lot de 6 paires chaussettes pour homme - Gris 45, acquired in practice and professional career,Nike M NKCT Jacket Stadium Veste Homme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Fay Luxury Fashion Homme NCMA141258SORMB001 Blanc Coton Chemise | Automne-Hiver).
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,TYBXK Pedalier VTT Vélo Chainwheel en Alliage d'aluminium à Vitesse Unique dent avec manivelle vélo Pliable Pièces Accessoires Velo-Party King Adult 80's Pop Diva Fancy Dress Costume X-Small. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-vulture Sac à bandoulière en Cuir Messager rétro Mat pour Hommes-Marron(SALOMON Amphib Bold Chaussures Aquatiques pour Homme - Blanc/Blanc/Noir).
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