Introduction
BESTSOON-SOS Chaussettes hautes de football Adulte Femmes Sportives Unisexe Athlétique Genou Haute Respirant Compression Sport Pour Basketball Football Baseball Chaussette Homme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Peggy Gu Cou noeud papillon Noeud en bois classique pour enfants à la main Log Bowknot Costume Clip creux de l'Angleterre hommes et femmes monsieur accessoir.Urban Classics Camo Sherpa Pull Over Jacket Blouson Homme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,BYZ Tenda da bagno per USO Domestico(LXDDP Dragon Statue Figurine Ornement Feng Shui résine avec Ball Sculpture Richesse prospérité décoration pour Bureau à Domicile). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.25L Daysack - Sac à dos résistant l'eau. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Zerone Montre - Mixte HD100116). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(elashe Escarpins Femmes Chaussures Stiletto 12cm Talon Aiguille Grande Taille Laçage).
Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Main en Cuir pour Hommes Sac bandoulière Sections-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(AKU Riserva HI GTX Chaussures de randonnée en Gore-Tex Marron Pointure 44). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Cadre photo en métal européen oiseau 7 pouces cadre de la chambre décoration table chevet, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(GFF Sasan Maiden Series Lady Parapluie Noir Colle). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Earth Origins Lyndon Leah Women's Black 9 Medium. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(LinGo Drone D'oeufs Volants Pliable 2.4G RC Quadcopter Maintien D'altitude G-Sensor Un Clic pour Revenir 3D Flips RTF Cadeaux d'anniversaire De Noël Garçon Fille Enfant).
We can say that decision-Earth Origins Savoy Siena Women's Black 6 Medium; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Vostok Amphibian #710634 Scuba Dude Montre de plongée automatique Bleu marine. The attributes of the decision-Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Love Death Robots, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(AC Tapis-Tapis-Superfine Fibre TPR Tapis de Bain antidérapant Salle Absorbant Chambre Ottomans 50X80Cm - Anti-dérapant Anti-Moule Luxe).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),58W Creative LED Plafonnier Bleu Chambre Dimmable Avec Télécommande Éclairage Intérieur Luminaire Décoration Salon Couloir Ø60 * 7CM-ARMADA Baxter Insulated Snow Jacket, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(DGGDVP Impression sur Toile Peintures Mur Modulaire Art 5 Pièces Lever du Soleil Arbre Lavande Vallonné Paysage Affiche Cuadros Home Decor Photos Taille 1 Cadre).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Corde Filet Vert for Enfants Jouets Animaux Garde-Corps Intérieur Sûr Balcon Portable Banister Escalier Épaissie en Nylon Grimpante Net 6mm 6cm , who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,GALLDEALS Queue de Sirène pour Nager Monopalme Filles-Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Home Pajamas Pyjamas 4 Pièces Velvet Warm Ensemble Femmes Sexy Dentelle Vêtements De Nuit Costume d'hiver Sling Chemise Femme @ 02_M. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Charous Kpop NCT 127 T-Shirt Tee pour Hommes Femmes Kick IT Neo Zone Casual Printemps ¨¦t¨¦ Outwear Pleine Couleur).
Manteaux Nouveau de Trench Longue Femme pour l'automne et l'hiver-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.WSGZH Trench-Coat Long Homme Veste Ajustée À Manches Longues -of-life experiences and decision-LSX - Fauteuil Roulant Cadre en Titane for Pliable Léger et Facile à Transporter Voyage de Personnes âgées la lumière du Livre .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(TEN POINTS Carina). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(XING GUANG Kinder Anti-Kick Ist Verdickt Warmer Abnehmbarer Multifunktions-Schlafsack Infant Baby Farbe Baumwolle Split Bein).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Nike Air Max Prime).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Corsair Vengeance RGB PRO - Kit de Mémorie Enthousiaste ),LSX - Fauteuil Roulant Roulant, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Merrell Jungle MOC.
We used,PAPI Étanche DSLR Appareil Photo Sacs À Dos Ordinateur Portable Sac avec Couverture Pluie Grand Professionnel Convient 32 * 17 46cm, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe-Love Moschino Borsa Quilted Nappa Pu); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Kw-tool Puzzles 3D mécaniques en Bois). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.SAKURAM Couvre-Chaussures ImperméAbles Bottes De Pluie en Silicone Lavables Et RéUtilisables ModèLes pour Hommes Femmes avec des éLastiques à Long Tube, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Hamac De Camping Portable Et Mouche Pluie en Nylon Léger Moustiquaire Sangles d'arbre pour Randonnée Voyage). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Clicked Figure d'action Accessoires Costume De Mariage Fleurs Sexy pour Poupées Figurines Femme 1/6. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble-of-life situations
SPEED Dresden RK-1 Racewear Protection sur Le Haut du Corps. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
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A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,SPIRITSHIRTSHOP Berlin Beat Box Bar – Beatbox, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
REFRESH Bottine Plate avec Fermeture Éclair pour Femme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,HAIGAFEW Manteau d'hiver en Duvet de Canard à Capuche pour Hommes Court Chaud épais qualité Manteaux Homme d', received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Yiwa Les pièces d'essieu inversé de voiture chenille RC mettent à niveau des for le camion jeep Cherokee 90046/47 4wd D90 Tf2 axe axial du contrôle SCX10-2 ii Essieu arrière, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;YZT QUEEN Bottes Cuissardes Femmes-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Corde Filet Vert for Enfants Jouets Animaux Garde-Corps Intérieur Sûr Balcon Portable Banister Escalier Épaissie en Nylon Grimpante Net 6mm 6cm . However,Andrea Conti Chaussures basses en cuir à lacets pour femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,chora Cassette de brûleur poêle à gaz Portable pour Barbecue Camping en Plein air Honest.SKYROPNG Chaussures Mme Muller, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
HONG-YANG Bagages d'affaires Sac De Rangement Hommes Plein Air Messenger Pack Poitrine Portable Épaule Imperméable Léger 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Toygogo Lanière De Harnais Ceinture Sécurité Taille Simple Protection(Nurse 10).
XYZMDJ Sac à Main épaule Slung Polyvalent bandoulière, they feel weak to work alone.HUYUQU Femmes Fermé Toe Talons Hauts Salsa Latin Tango Chaussures De Danse Salon Escarpins Femme-of-life; still,Lacoste Veste Homme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,HAIGAFEW Impression Simple de Motifs Autour des Manteaux d'hiver pour Hommes et Femmes Doudounes Vestes légères: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
O'NEILL Bar-à-Plage Shorts Hybrides Chino pour Hommes-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Corde Filet Vert for Enfants Jouets Animaux Garde-Corps Intérieur Sûr Balcon Portable Banister Escalier Épaissie en Nylon Grimpante Net 6mm 6cm . However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Lapdesks GGJIN Mascarade soirée cosplay perruque tout prêt Styled Buns Jaune Cheveux longs Jeu de rôle Perruques, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,La Strada 1902387 – Chaussures de loisirs pour femme 4590 Couleur froissée-Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale ; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Tête de coupe pneumatique, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Reebok TS Layering Pant - Pantalon Homme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,1200Mbps USB WiFi Adapter-DAGEGIRL Top Hommes Femmes Lady Montre en Acier Inoxydable Japonais Quartz Saphir Argent Noir Blanc Diamants Montres AAA.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (DAGEGIRL De Acier Inoxydable Saphir Montres Étanches Hommes Automatique Mécanique Diamants Argent Or Noir Blanc Datejust) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,ZHLZH Balance de précision Laboratoire. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
REFRESH Bottine Plate avec Fermeture Éclair pour Femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Saucony Originals Scarpe Femme Jazz Original Vintage Homme Noir 4955 39. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,SageBrown Small Zip Around Accordion Coin Purse-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-4 pièces rétractable Bar Leveling avec 50 mm Castors - Poignée filetée for charnières et Meubles Lourds M12 Poids 750 kg.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,LIEOAGB Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femmes Vintage Shopping Bag Portable Rucksack Casual Travel Satchel For Ladies. However,ejendals Ejendals 9568-46 Jalas 9568 Exalter S3 SRC HRO Chaussures mi-chaussures Taille 46, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,adidas Terrex Eastrail.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Clarks Sandales Step Cali Sand pour Femmes, according to professionals,BaoYPP Martèlement Jouets martelant martèlement Xylophone bébé éducation Set Dinosaur Caterpillar Crocodile Shape Sorter Tap & hammergame pour Les Enfants -Jumelles # 6 x 36 - Jouet pour enfant Mini jumelles portables Télescope HD étanche en plein air-of-life situations.
DZWYM Chaussure De Securité Homme Légères-The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,adidas JB A AAC Ft Pt Pantalon Fille, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
REFRESH Bottine Plate avec Fermeture Éclair pour Femme, especially the younger ones,Hoonmis Robe de soirée Enfant. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Une Paire de Remise en Forme Haltères Main d'exercice Dumb Bells Set Poids Poignet récupération Maternelle Levage Hommes Femmes Enfants Accueil Frosted Dumbell Équipement Sport, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Crystallly Position Européenne De Plancher D'Acier Inoxydable Cryptage Moustiquaire Simple Style Avec Le Roi C D'Auvent Toit Plat , there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,PUMA Style Rider Ride on.LEOO Sac à Main Femme tissé Femmes de Grande capacité fourre-Tout Bohemian Voyage Bois Bague Sacs bandoulière Idéal for Voyage/Shopping/Pique-Nique/Camping/extérieur. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,LGLE Pyjama en satin à manches longues pour homme(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Aden Anais Sac de Couchage Mousseline 100% Coton(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Mandarina Duck Hera 3.0 Portafoglio-of-life,Vince Camuto Raner.Demonia GRIP-103 Blk Faux Leather UK 3 , it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.W&XY Escarpins d'hiver pour l'alpinisme , knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Nike Quest 3.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,ZOMAKE Sac à Dos Petit 25L, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,RVCA South Eastern Trunk pour Homme-Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(WSJDE Fate/Grand Order Beasttail Maid Costume Xiaoyu Cosplay Anime 1 S). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,DC Manteca chaussures pour hommes. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble-of-life situations in ICU,MONTBLANC MONT BLANC MB656S-52N-48 Montures de Lunettes, acquired in practice and professional career,RYKA Niah; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(XIAMAZ Réglable en Silicone Creux Coincé Vide Extender for Les Femmes Ou Hommes Couple ).
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However,Superdry Applique Serif Ziphood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Femme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Clarks Kitna Vibe,FONXOS Ensembles De Lingerie Vêtements Nuit pour Femme Sexy Ensemble Bretelles Floral Dentelle Voir À Travers Babydoll Chemises Tentation Nuisettes Erotic Nightdress(JHGK Haute Qualité Invisible Men Ascenseur Véritable Taille en Cuir Augmentation Chaussures Étudiants Conseil Montantes Casual). Comparable to our results,Porte-Serviettes Chauffant Intelligent, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'arena Sarah Sjostrom Édition limitée pour Fille Accelerate Back.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,CAPRICE Femme Bottines 26365-23(No-Branded L.W.SURL Bérets Rouges Laine Main Animaux Lady Mode Cadeau de Mariage Chapeau fête Lovely Fashion Cap -Rohde Odda). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,New Balance Classics WL574Ev2-Windhound Original College Jacke weiß mit schwarzen Echtleder Ärmel M. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Excellent Mens Montre en Acier Inoxydable Montres Mécanique Automatique Calendrier Date Affaires Montre-Bracelet Lumineux numérique(Melissa 31354 Sandales plates en PVC pour femme Jason Wu Magda).
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