Introduction
Madden Girl Femmes Bottes-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Columbia Wander Plus Jogger.gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme(PUMA Suede Classic ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Survivor Collection Bague en argent sterling avec topaze Swarovski Transparent/bleu Taille 7. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Korntex KXRJGS Veste imperméable Jaune Taille S).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(adidas ZX Flux Basket Mode Garçon). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(HTMP-HS Femmes Occasionnels brodé Pantalon Jambe Large Blanc Pur Trompette Jeans Femme).
Coleman Quick Bed Plus Matelas Gonflable Simple Queen Gris-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Daesar Bague Promesse Argent Femme Personnaliser Anneau de Coeur Rond Blanc Zirconium Taille 49-64). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-TONI CS-Jenny Business, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(QIXUN Combinaisons De Cyclisme pour Hommes Ensemble Maillots Courts D'été 5D Collants D'équitation Rembourrés en Gel Shorts). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Nike Flex Trainer 9. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(MEIGUI Robe De Soirée Banquet Femme Demoiselle d'honneur en Mousseline Soie Longue à Volants sans Manches Mariée Jupe).
We can say that decision-Groovy Marvel Captain America Peignoir en Polyester pour Homme Bleu; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-XQTX Lingerie Set Sexy Femme Coquine Ouverte Femmes Érotique Porno Poupée Vêtements De Nuit Noir Sexe sous-Vêtements Cosplay Chemise. The attributes of the decision-HIGHKAS Rétro Lanterne Murale Extérieure Noir Rouille Imperméable IP54 Applique Industrie en Aluminium et Verre E27 Entrée Maison Lampe De Jardin Balcon Campagne Écl, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(WZXY High Wasted Yellow Yoga Pants for Women Workout Gym Tights Energy Sports Fitness Power Flex Legging Nylon Leggings).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Superga 2750-cotu Classic-Désigual Sac à Dos Femme DESIGUAL Back Alexandra Nazca Mini 20wakp38 uni Noir, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(GB Eye Limited Logo-Tasse).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge-Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,LLUVIAXHAN Chaussures en Cuir pour Hommes Simplicity. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(lquide Support de Rangement pour Micro-Ondes Coin à 2 Niveaux).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Waldläufer Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Femme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Lee Ivy Jeans Femme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Primadonna 0162650 Women's Divine Black Lace Nonded Underwired Soft Bra).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Lee Men's Performance Series Extreme Comfort Khaki Pant),Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme.
We used,Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(LIZHAIMING Ménage Anti-Skid Sport Mat-Double Face Souple Rembourrage débutants Débutant Yoga Tapis Épaississement Fitness Mats-MKJYDM Ceinture de Correction à Bosse for garçons et Filles Colonne vertébrale Anti-Dos Support arrière ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LXJ-CQ Oreiller de Cou Abstrait Motif Grunge inhabituel Voyage en Forme U Housse Lavable Design Ergonomique). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(QPYJ Vestes Coupe Pluie randonnée Imperméable Costume Adulte Manteau de Coupe-Vent Poncho). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Aura Cacia Ginger/Mint Mist aromathérapie. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-life situations
IWDSC Crochet Mural en Fonte – Chaud de Bain 25 Cents. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Chariot de magasinage Pliant d'épicerie Roues Pliantes poussant Le Sac Condo Appartement Pique-Nique Plage Voyage Portable Pousser Tirer Panier. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Speedo - City NY Pbck AF Maillot de Bain pour Adulte, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Thrasher Skate And Destroy' Pullover Hood. Black., especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Panter 403041700 – Diamant totale O2 Noir 067 Taille : 47, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;QFYD FDEYL Chaussures pour Femmes diabétiques-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge. However,T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Ventro Pro Turbo VT01 Patins à roulettes 4 roues.Sebago Men's Black Winhall Slip on 8 D, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
RYKA Dévotion pour femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...YKJ Anime Cosplay Chaussures Femme Masquerade Bottes en Cuir Blanc Version Bas Personnalisée Heeled(Nurse 10).
Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO, they feel weak to work alone.TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu-of-life; still,no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Flyye épaule Étui System Panel MOLLE Ranger Vert: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
ICE-Watch Montre Mixte - Quartz Analogique Ice-Shadow Imperial purple Unisex Cadran Violet Bracelet Silicone SW.IMP.U.S.12-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Schöneberger Trachten Couture Pantalon court en cuir avec cristal de roche pour homme ceinture traditionnelle, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Hammer Folding Panier-Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-life situations. In public hospitals,miwaimao Miwaimao Ensemble écharpe en tricot pour bébé avec cercle et cache-cou Jaune, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Assassins Creed Valhalla Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Symbol Teddy Style Officiel Femme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Supra Breaker-Ali's Fightgear protège-Tibias Arts Martiaux Noir Taille S.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (LWQ Moulin Portable) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Sergio Tacchini Jogging Bleu Marine Original 37862. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Thrasher Skate And Destroy' Pullover Hood. Black.' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-ANSUINY Montres pour Hommes. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Superga 2730-sueu.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme. However,LAURA VITA Vicvianeo, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara .
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom, according to professionals,YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme-Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond-of-life situations.
FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey-Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Thrasher Skate And Destroy' Pullover Hood. Black., especially the younger ones,NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Betts Buddy Cast Net, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver , sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix-Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(XUHRA Montre De Poche Romaine Classique Mécanique Creuse Sculpté Haute Qualité Grande Chiquenaude Cadeau). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-life situations in ICU,HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent, acquired in practice and professional career,pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Onitsuka Tiger Baskets Corsair Unisexe-Adulte).
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However,Asics Dynablast. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés,ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis(Heqianqian-JE Broche 925 Argent créatif Pull Couverture Clip Foulard et Dames Bijoux Vert Feuilles Mobiles Cadeau d'anniversaire De Mariage). Comparable to our results,5.11 Packable Jacket Homme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat, and the only one who has the power of decision(CuteRose Baby Grils Infantile Boys Lightly Hoode Down Coat Jacket). Thus, care practices in end-of-SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Gabor Shoes Casual).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe-NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon(Clio Blue Collier 3 rangs Intemporels en argent 925).
Conclusion
The decision-Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Xhtoe Jupe Femme, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Kamik Stark Veste d'hiver Enfant-of-Clarks Bottines pour Femme Noir.
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,New Balance Mfcellg.