Introduction
Red Wine Drinker Gifts Boutique If You Keep a Glass of in Each Hand Can't Touch Face Débardeur-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Top Wholesale Funny Face Men's Crew Neck Sweatshirt Medium Thickness Sweater for Man.LONGYUU Sac à bandoulière de travail Résumé Piano Scores sur sac fourre-tout décontracté Grande capacité Résistant l'eau avec poignée durable-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Ahdyr Portefeuilles en Cuir pour Femmes(GIRLSIGHT personnalisé Montre Homme Mode étanche Montre-Bracelet Diamant 648. Happy Motif Bling de). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Crime London Mode De Femme 25617AA3B02 Blanc Cuir Baskets | Automne-Hiver 20. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(DKINCM 2 pièces amortisseurs de Ressort Soutien Levage Capot Avant).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Matelas Air Coussin gonflable ultra-léger de voyage portable Tapis couchage plage Camping en plein air Cellules gonflables d'air soutien Conception d'herbe compacte for tapis). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(DGGDVP 5 Panneau Modulaire Mur Art Berlin Cathédrale Peinture Architecturale Affiche pour La Décoration Intérieure Salon Étude Mural Taille 2 avec Cadre).
Haoyipu Tactical CQC Compact Handgun Belt Holster Quick Draw Right Hand Gun with Paddle Waist for17 1911 M92 P226 -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Ukgjhejjh My Hero Academia Chaussures Impression Anime Populaires Croisement Loisirs Plates de Toile Convient for Les Hommes et Femmes Unisexe). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Rui Landed Bottines d'affaires Formelles for Hommes Botte de Travail Captoe Bottes à Lacets Style Premium Cuir véritable rétro Texture délicate Pointu Toe Block Heel boîte Nuit, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(U.S. Marines USMC-1363 Couteau de Poche pour Adulte Multicolore M). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Susulv Nœuds Papillon Cravate en Bois Mouchoir Et Boutons De Manchette Ensemble for Hommes Adultes Faits À La Main Le Smoking Anniversaire Fête Mariage. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeune Garçon Fille étudiant Collégien Collège Pique-nique Voyage étanche Campus Grande Capacité à Dos).
We can say that decision-Wonders A-33159 Sauvag Mocassin en cuir rouge avec soucoupe moyenne; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-L.TSA Lámpara colgante de vidrio minimalista moderno. The attributes of the decision-ORUS BIJOUX Bague Argent Griffe serti Blanc - Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(SKYROPNG Chaussures Mme Muller).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Smilice Bottes d'hiver pour Femme-LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Anita 5533 - Soutien-gorge de sport Sans armature Uni Femme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale , who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Craghoppers Outdoor Classic Aysgarth - Pantalon Stretch et imperméable Femme-Money dock Oxford Business for Les Hommes Chaussures lacées Oisif véritable personnalité en Cuir Tide Cousu Waxy Lacets Respirant Ronde Toe -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,adidas Real Away Chaussettes Homme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Zjcpow Rouleau Roue for Abdominale Noiseless Exercice Équipement Gym Fitness Accessoires b xuwuhz).
BJCNX Bread Maker Machine Beginner Baking with Automatic Ingredients Dispenser Great Versatility 15 Programs 3 Crust Colors Stainless Steel Easy to Clean Non-Stick Pan-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Gabor Shoes Basic-of-life experiences and decision-Soireelady Escarpins Femme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(WYJ Télescope HD à Film Vert Haute Définition pour Jumelles D'Extérieur Durables). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(HOSD Stranger Things Saison 3 Hommes Hiver Sweats À Capuche Tops Mode Homme/Femme Sweatshirt Chaud Hip Hop Nouveau l'envers Funny Print Cartoon).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(mys Sneaker Original Slim Personnalisé et Imprimés Low Unisex ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(DAQAXGAO My Hero Academia Anime Crew Neck Tee Shirt),Ocun Strike QC Climbing Chaussure - AW20-41.5, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Irregular Choice Nick of Time.
We used,arena Dynamo Maillot de Bain Homme, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(GJQION Femmes Brassière-ACEACE Nouvelle Femme Sexy Danse du Ventre Costume Set Indien Professionnel Robe Lady vêtements de Porter Pratique/Performance 4 Couleurs ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Porteur Mc Laren P1). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.adidas Juve Wintjkt Veste de Sport Homme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(XSY Denim Zipper Genou Talon Hiver Bottes). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,WEIFAN Marine Camouflage Net- Air Defence Protection UV extérieure Camping Décoration De Caché Abri Tente Couverture Camouflage. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-of-life situations
adidas Terrex Swift R2 GTX W. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Fila Womens Fanny Pack. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,NUOVA RADE Boitier douchette blanc flexible 3 m, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Nike Zoom 2k, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Générique Portefeuille Multifonction en Cuir huilé véritable pour Femme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Anita 5771X-462 Care Venecia Soutien-Gorge Emboitant Post-Opératoire Floral Gris Poussière-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale . However,Aienid Bague Argent 925 Vintage Anneau De Bouclier avec Motif Dragon pour Les Homme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Walker.Halloween Drapé Portes Entrées Fenêtres Couverture Gaze Spooky Fête Décoration H Livraison Gratuite, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Qinmo Poussez Portable Up poignées for Hommes Fitness Workout Pushup poignée Stands't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Miyoopark L004 Chaussures de danse latine à bout ouvert pour femme(Nurse 10).
Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit , they feel weak to work alone.WEIYIM Écharpe d'hiver Qualité Dames en Laine Naturelle Chaude-of-life; still,Small-shop Winter Gloves Gants d'hiver pour Femme en Cachemire Mince Poignet Chauds. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,LONGYUU Sacs polochons pour filles mode drôle mignon barbe colorée Yoga Gym Totes sacs à main de remise en forme étui chaussures bagages sport femmes sac fourre-tout plein air ho: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Gowell Natsume's Book of Friends Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile Chaussures-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale . However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
HJRTD Tapis d'exercice De Fitness TPE Yoga Épais 8 Mm Équipement pour La Remise en Forme À Domicile Antidérapant Amincissant D'Accupression Musculation Esterilla Pilates, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Ahdyr Plantes Vs. Zombies Fashion T Shirt Cowboy Hat for Men 's Noir-Money dock Oxford Business for Les Hommes Chaussures lacées Oisif véritable personnalité en Cuir Tide Cousu Waxy Lacets Respirant Ronde Toe -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Gowell One Piece Anime Cosplay Chaussures Toile My Hero Academia; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Josef Seibel Sienna 17, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,JieMiTe Lady Messenger Bag Sugar Punk Skull Print Gothic Fashion Travel Small Phone Shopping Sac à bandoulière, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,FBLHXH Femmes Chaussures Haut-Haut Toile Plateforme Automne Nouvelle Mode Respirant Épais Bas Lacet Vulcanized-Qazwsxedc pour bébé Manteau imperméable à l'eau Chaude Porte-bébé Nourrisson Couverture Cape Backpackage .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (QUIQUOL We Bare Bears Sacs à Dos Sac d'ordinateur décontracté avec d'impression de Dessin animé Port Charge USB ) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,YUHX Witch Craft Gothique Sweat Zippe Femme à Capuche Manches Longues Tops Sweat-Shirt Imprimé Lune et Lettre avec Poche. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-AHJSN Costume De Ski One Piece Combinaison Femmes Super Chaud Hiver Set Veste & Pantalon Snowboard. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Jaimenalin ExtéRieur 3 SièGe Terrasse Canopy Balan?Oire Couverture Jardin Balancez Mobilier D'ExtéRieur éTanche PoussièRe.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,ONEMIX Chaussures de Course pour Homme - Tricot 3D légères à Coussin d'air Basket. However,CUzzhtzy Réchaufferont Hommes Martin Bottes, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,AUTIANYU Inuyasha Sac fourre-tout en toile pour femme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,KTYX Mignon Porte-clés Voiture Pendentif Créatif Poupée Cercle , according to professionals,Jumelles 8-10X42-32 Zoom HD Grande Ouverture-WIG ME UP YZF-4370-24B/613B Perruque dame cosplay courte hauteur d'épaules carré long raie centrale lisse mélange blond-of-life situations.
Sorel Women's Joan of Arctic Wedge II Shearling Winter Boot-Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Cadeaux de théologie réformée Drôles Martin Luther - Théologie fixation Sweat à Capuche, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
DC Shoes - Chaussures Trase V Se Low pour Garçon, especially the younger ones,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Injustes Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Kein Problem Red Long Sleeved T-Shirt, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
K-Swiss Men's Donovan Sneaker, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Gerry Weber Robe Femme.teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King JR Keep Moving Forward Quote Grey Sweatshirt. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
teespring Ronan I Love My Mechanic!! T-shirt confort 100% coton, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Globe Tilt GBTILT10397(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,J´hayber - Zapatillas Avt. Olimpo Serraje marrón, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable-Money dock Oxford Business for Les Hommes Chaussures lacées Oisif véritable personnalité en Cuir Tide Cousu Waxy Lacets Respirant Ronde Toe -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,BROWCIN Golden Retriever Puppy Dog Pet Tongue s'étendant Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Gorteks Soutien-Gorge Bustier Dos Glamour Charlize-of-life situations in ICU,Crocs Sanrah Hammered Metallic Sandal Women, acquired in practice and professional career,NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau ; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Barrière de lit Rail for Enfants en Bas âge).
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Conclusion
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