Introduction
PUS Vêtements d'entraînement de Football Basket-Ball Apparence Costumes Sports Loisirs Fitness Running Training Camp Enfants Ball Noir-L-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Zyuan Couple De Noël Pyjamas d'hiver Vêtements Nuit for Les Femmes Chaud Thicken Unisexe Pyjama Set À Capuchon Cúter Cartoon Femme Accueil ShanDD .Primigi Pwigt 63828-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Clarks Sandales Sillian2.0 Joy pour Femmes(Wacoal Net Effect Underwire Bra Soutien-Gorge à Couverture Totale Femme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.HIGHKAS Salon Et Chambre À Coucher De Tapis Style Nordique. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(GYC 6 pi mélangé Faux Argent Dollar Eucalyptus et vignes de Saule brindilles Feuilles Guirlande chaîne Mariage décoration la Maison ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(FJALLRAVEN High Coast Lite Top Ls W Sweats Femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon ).
Mammut Bota Ducan High GTX-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Clarks Kaylin 60 Sling, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Filet de sécurité pour Enfants Cadres d'escalade Protection Enfants). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,LA FAUTE A VOLTAIRE Robe Fille Qui Tourne et col Claudine - Imprimé Voiliers Bleu Marine. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Ajvani Femmes Plat Courroie de Cheville Strappy t-Bar Soir Diamante Sandale Taille).
We can say that decision-Mona flying Sandales Bride Cheville pour Femme Été Chaussures De Plage; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix. The attributes of the decision-Jamkf Sandales d'été Hommes Tendance Sandalettes Casual Doux Bas antidérapants résistant à l'usure des intérieur et extérieur Double Usage Talon Chaussons avec Coussin d'air, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Coskiss 8pcs Teether Bangle Toy Anneaux bébé animal Teething bois lapin oreille 1set / 2pc sensorielle Bébé Jouet panse Bijoux Montessori en organique Crochet Perle Bracelet).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Rideaux occultants larges américains sur le thème des États-Unis d'Amérique Fédéral Fête Révolution Design décoratif thermique Dos coulissant Panneau simple 203 x 213-LJMHG Shorts Summer Denim Women High Waist Jean Female Loose Hole Jeans with Pockets Casual Plus Size S-6Xl L Blue, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(ACCEY 3D stéréo haut de gamme européen bleu chambre papier peint américain rétro luxe salon TV fond ménage A1917).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Bewinch Moustiquaire pour lit, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,NKJGFV Plus Size Hommes Outdoor Steel Toe Protection Chaussures de sécurité Respirante Acier Mid Sole Puncture Bottes épreuve Travail-XINGGUANG Hommes Militaires Bottes Outdoor Formation Randonnée Forces Armées Chaussures Tactical Désert B-42-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,HEDDK Nouveaux Enfants Patins À roulettes Chaussures Qualité Mode Patin Roues Alignées Taille Réglable Junior Patinage. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Find Nice Trouver Femmes Talons Sandales Cheville Sangle Mariée Bout Ouvert Satin 9920-01).
Ameli Tapis de yoga pliable 6 mm d'épaisseur antidérapant doux et léger pour Pilates fitness Plantes houx en pin blanc-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Li Long Longue River Valley-of-life experiences and decision-Applique murale moderne de style européen pour chambre à coucher.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Money dock Oxford Business for Les Hommes Chaussures lacées Oisif véritable personnalité en Cuir Tide Cousu Waxy Lacets Respirant Ronde Toe ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Salamander Bottines pour femme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Tapis de yoga61 * 173 0.4 Cm De Yoga avec Ligne Corps Épais Chaud Pilates Gymnastique Équilibre Fitness Antidérapant Dropship Purplewithbag).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Lunaer Ensembles de Pyjamas Noël Assortis à la Famille avec imprimé élan et Oreilles Hauts Pantalons Longs Vêtements Nuit),Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Zipper Portable Protection De Stockage Sac Soleil Boîte étui, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.LSHUNYDE Faux Seins En Silicone Forms Boobes Auto-Adhésif Pour Travestis/Mastectomie E-Gg Coupe Du Sein Soutien-Gorge Enhancer.
We used,Autoradio 9" IPS HD Écran Tactile Pour Nissan NAVARA Frontier NP300 2011-2020 GSP Navigation De Voiture Stéréo Avec Double Internet Tethering, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Fedso Beau bracelet en cuir avec cordon turquoise - Style décontracté En acier inoxydable Bracelet noir Montres-TOPSTEE T-shirt pour homme avec uniforme de football américain Pittsburgh Steelers #90 W); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-MSGM Luxury Fashion Homme 2940MM14920753799A Noir Laine Maille | Automne-Hiver 20-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(adidas Solar Drive M). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.WYFX Smart Fingerprint Wallet, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(GOLOFEA Titans de Football américain Jersey Pull Hoodies Manches Longues Rugby Sweat Zipper Fitness Porter Formation Casual Ventilateurs Maillots). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,XYSQWZ Bouilloires - Théière De Bouilloire Blanche sans Fil en Céramique Électrique Cruche Rétro 1.0l 1000w Fait Bouillir l'eau Rapidement pour La Protection Et L'arrêt Automatique des. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-MSGM Luxury Fashion Homme 2940MM14920753799A Noir Laine Maille | Automne-Hiver 20-of-life situations
TYWZJ Miroir de Maquillage Double Face grossissement 5X et cosmétique à lumière LED Normale pivotant 360 ° pour Coiffeuse Salle Bain 6 Pouces. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Naturino Karrie Baskets hautes en tissu léopard. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Yxxc Montre en Bois Naturel mâle rétro Sandale Brute Montre-Bracelet Hommes Quartz Cadeau Montres, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
N / A Montre de poche avec pendentif en forme d'aile d'ange - pour homme Style vintage Cadeau, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,LDH Étendu sur Le Genou Doudoune Femme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Haltère Long en Caoutchouc METIS [10kg-30kg] | Barre de Musculation Monobloc avec Poignée Ergonomique Matériel Fitness pour Homme et Femme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;SALOMON Shoes Ultra/Pro Hawaiian-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Bewinch Moustiquaire pour lit. However,Sac de Couchage en Duvet, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Skechers D'Lites 2.0 - Sandales à bout ouvert pour femme Bianco Wht.Skechers Womens Sneaker Beige, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
DC Shoes - Chaussures Magnolia TX Lowtop pour Femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...bpblgf Compteur d'eau Rechargeable Nano PulvéRisateur Visage Dispositif Portable éTuvage(Nurse 10).
ICE-Watch P. Leclercq Black - Montre noire pour homme avec bracelet en silicone Chrono 014944 , they feel weak to work alone.HKM Reithose -County- Denim Silikon-kniebesatz6100 - Pantalon d'équitation County en Silicone 6100 Mixte-of-life; still,Racoon Pantalon imperméable Bébé garçon. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,POC Essential Road Wind: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
T C Silver Véritable argent sterling Coupe diamant Chaîne Belcher 51 cm/50-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Bewinch Moustiquaire pour lit. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Superga Baskets 2730 Cotu Femme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,CFY Triple Extérieure Andes Hommes Et Femmes Couples Modèles Deux Ensembles de Vêtements d'alpinisme Grande Taille-XINGGUANG Hommes Militaires Bottes Outdoor Formation Randonnée Forces Armées Chaussures Tactical Désert B-42-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Noppies Skinny Jeans Femme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-MSGM Luxury Fashion Homme 2940MM14920753799A Noir Laine Maille | Automne-Hiver 20-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Curvy Kate Sheer Class Maillot Une Pièce Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Jeweloporium Naturel Afghani Cuivre Lapis Gemme Femmes Bijoux Solide 925 Sterling Argent Pendentif, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,P D PAOLA Bracelet Paola PU02-036-U femme argent-Moxishop Doudoune Hommes Hiver Chaud Long Manteaux Parka épais Veste Fourrure avec Capuche Duvet Militaire Blousons Mens Outdoor Jacket.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Sanuk Vee K Shawn) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,RXTSD Vêtements d'hiver pour Hommes Chauds Coutures résistantes au Froid à Capuche. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
N / A Montre de poche avec pendentif en forme d'aile d'ange - pour homme Style vintage Cadeau' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,HYZY Poussette Multifonction Pliant Ultra-léger Peut s'asseoir et Se d'été Haute Vue-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Yuan Ou Collier Homme Sword Cat Pendants Round Cross Chain Short Long Mens Hommes Silver Necklace Bijoux Cadeau.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,MC KINLEY Bottes de Randonnée Discover Mid AQX. However,Clarks Men's Vargo Vibe Oxford, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Anal Applique Murale Industrielle pour luminaire Rustique d'époque avec Abat-Jour en métal, according to professionals,Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Silvretta Ceramiwarm-White/AOP Fw19-Kickers Holster-of-life situations.
Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 798 Onshore-MSGM Luxury Fashion Homme 2940MM14920753799A Noir Laine Maille | Automne-Hiver 20-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Scicent Ensemble de Lingerie Sexy en Dentelle pour Femme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
N / A Montre de poche avec pendentif en forme d'aile d'ange - pour homme Style vintage Cadeau, especially the younger ones,Barrière de lit Rail for Enfants en Bas âge. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Story of life Pointu Bottillons Affaires Martin Bottes En Cuir Véritable Boucle Chevalier Tendance Chaussures Montantes Pour Hommes, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Under Armour Chandail À Capuchon Rivales Fz Hauts à Manches Longues Homme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,AKOC Maillot de Basket-Ball pour Hommes 24# Kobe Swingman Urbain Gilet Sport Taille S-XXL-White-M(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,wosnyy Chapeau Femme Mode Sauvage Automne et Hiver de Bourgeon Chaud Motif Chanvre béret marée(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Hojkl Parka en duvet pour femme avec capuche et longue veste épaisse , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,1.5Wled lampe de table nuit portable chambre lumineuse salon sécurité protection des yeux décoration d'économie d'énergie-XINGGUANG Hommes Militaires Bottes Outdoor Formation Randonnée Forces Armées Chaussures Tactical Désert B-42-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Pare-Chocs Diffuseur Lèvres). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,HYLH 3D LED Stunt Motorcycle Illusion Night Light. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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However,VORMOR Cœur en argent sterling 925 perles d'eau douce OR ROSE CZ Bague ouverte. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Joie Spin 360 – Siège de voiture,Brooks pour Femme Juno Soutien-Gorge de Sport(GBY Sac à bandoulière pour femme - main tendance). Comparable to our results,Loykind Hommes Formateurs Professionnels, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Underwraps Costumes Camo Army Uniform Boys Costume Large.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Fjällräven Stina Jacket Femme(Skechers Stamina-classy Trail-Superflybags Sac à Dos En Cuir Véritable modèle TRAPANI 30x33x12cm Made In Italy). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Columbia Men's Bridge to Bluff Pant-Daesar Bagues de Fiançailles Princesse & Triangle Bague Argent Taille Anneau Zirconium 49-64. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Lee Brooklyn Jeans Homme(O'NEILL Short de marche hybride extensible résistant à l'eau pour homme).
Conclusion
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O'Neal Rider Bottes de motocross, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Bewinch Moustiquaire pour lit, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Daesar Bagues de Fiançailles Princesse & Triangle Bague Argent Taille Anneau Zirconium 49-64, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Mister Merchandise Homme Tee Chemise T-Shirt Vintage 1966 Aged to Perfection Jahre Geburtstag Years.