Introduction
Radio Portable multifonctionnelle-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Spyder Raider Pull à fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme.Palladium Pampa Boots White-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Apalis Sticker Mural Squirricorn on The Branch(Désigual Sac à Dos Femme DESIGUAL Back Alexandra Nazca Mini 20wakp38 uni Noir). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(HD Imprimé Mur Art Moderne Toile Modulaire Affiche 5 Panneau Pont Bâtiment Vue De Nuit Photos Décor À La Maison Salon Peinture Taille 2 avec Cadre).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Californication Dans Menottes capuche pour hommes). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Vinmin USB Rechargeable lumière de vélo Avant).
Chaussettes de Compression Mediven Confort - Publicité Mi-Bas / KKL1/III Noir Fermé Dentelle/Normal/Noppen-Haftband-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(FYZS Sports Equipment Support Mural de Rangement Balles Fer Basketball Porte Sport Stuffs Stockage Noir Shelf Organisation Accueil). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-ALPHA INDUSTRIES Blouson - Homme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Cloud City 7 You Cant Tell Me What to Do Youre Not My Grandchild Women's Sweatshirt). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Kamik Snowvalley. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(BMNN Filles Queue De Sirène Maillot Bain Été Enfant Bikini Swimsuit Mermaid Cosplay Costume 2 Pièces Ensembles de sirène ).
We can say that decision-Nike Viale; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-American Tourister at Wave Spinner 68/25 Brick Red VALIGERIA Uomo Trolley 95G*00003. The attributes of the decision-Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(WENMIN LED Moderne Plafond Lumière Salon Salle À Manger Chambre Enquêter Lampe De d'enfant en Fer Noir Acrylique Lustres Blanche).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main-Green Burry Greenburry , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(ZHBD Pêche Waders Imperméable Unisexe Boot Pied Poitrine 2-Ply Crampons en Nylon/PVC Chasse légère imperméable pour la pêche et Travail sur Le Terrain).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,New Balance H754 -Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Izanoy Robe - Trapèze Femme).
German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames-of-life experiences and decision-PUMA Suede Classic .
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(YoLiy Cube Activity Center L'apprentissage Précoce Cubes Activité Jouets). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(XYDBB Bagage Cabine Frame Travel Trolley Valise Men Carry on Rolling Spinner Wheels Women Boarding Case 28"Noir).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Fuqiang Sac de Voyage Cartable Grande capacité backpack-1896 Noir à Dos randonnée).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(L@YC Sandales tendance pour femme à talon moyen),Fun Shack Fnk3593 Costume de la Journée Mondiale du Livre Fille , who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Fabulicious Flair.
We used,Bosch TDA703021A Fer à Repasser 3000 W, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Reebok RB874 Women's Stealth SR Safety Boots - Black-TTmom Femme Portefeuille); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Cofra V415-0-02.Z58 Tecka Veste Softshell). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(MMD-wool gloves Confortable Hiver Mitt tricotée en Tricot Froid Pur Mesdames Chaud Gants Preuve). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,El Naturalista Borago. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Bisgaard Dora-Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible-of-life situations
Trevco Harry Potter Poufsouffle Crest Mens Pull à Capuche . Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Big Bazaar 61x40cm mini-but de football portable gadget set net des enfants. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,PALLADIUM-EU Pampa Sport Cuff Wpn, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Trippen Road Brown, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Vince Camuto Sandales à Talon compensé en Daim Retana pour Femme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Madden Girl Femmes Bottes, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Columbia Wander Plus Jogger-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker. However,gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme.Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Survivor Collection Bague en argent sterling avec topaze Swarovski Transparent/bleu Taille 7, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Coleman Quick Bed Plus Matelas Gonflable Simple Queen Gris't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...TONI CS-Jenny Business(Nurse 10).
Nike Flex Trainer 9, they feel weak to work alone.Groovy Marvel Captain America Peignoir en Polyester pour Homme Bleu-of-life; still,XQTX Lingerie Set Sexy Femme Coquine Ouverte Femmes Érotique Porno Poupée Vêtements De Nuit Noir Sexe sous-Vêtements Cosplay Chemise. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,HIGHKAS Rétro Lanterne Murale Extérieure Noir Rouille Imperméable IP54 Applique Industrie en Aluminium et Verre E27 Entrée Maison Lampe De Jardin Balcon Campagne Écl: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Superga 2750-cotu Classic-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Désigual Sac à Dos Femme DESIGUAL Back Alexandra Nazca Mini 20wakp38 uni Noir, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge-Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible-of-life situations. In public hospitals,LLUVIAXHAN Chaussures en Cuir pour Hommes Simplicity, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Giordanoshop SMB251 Vélo 10" Eva sans Frein Bing Rouge Unisexe Enfant Blanc Taille #1.Value, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Coccinelle Metallic Soft Mini Purse-Gabs & Studio Greta Sac à bandoulière en cuir 48 cm - Rose Pivoine.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Trippen Road Brown' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon . They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Aura Cacia Ginger/Mint Mist aromathérapie. However,Hush Puppies H18800, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,IWDSC Crochet Mural en Fonte – Chaud de Bain 25 Cents.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Chariot de magasinage Pliant d'épicerie Roues Pliantes poussant Le Sac Condo Appartement Pique-Nique Plage Voyage Portable Pousser Tirer Panier, according to professionals,Speedo - City NY Pbck AF Maillot de Bain pour Adulte-Thrasher Skate And Destroy' Pullover Hood. Black.-of-life situations.
Panter 403041700 – Diamant totale O2 Noir 067 Taille : 47-American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Trippen Road Brown, especially the younger ones,QFYD FDEYL Chaussures pour Femmes diabétiques. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Ventro Pro Turbo VT01 Patins à roulettes 4 roues, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Sebago Men's Black Winhall Slip on 8 D.RYKA Dévotion pour femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Hammer Folding Panier(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Ali's Fightgear protège-Tibias Arts Martiaux Noir Taille S(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-LWQ Moulin Portable-of-life,Sergio Tacchini Jogging Bleu Marine Original 37862.ANSUINY Montres pour Hommes, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Superga 2730-sueu.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,LAURA VITA Vicvianeo-Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(MOXIN Ceinture Abdominale Vibrante Amincissante Electrostimulation et Musculation Abdominaux pour Homme Femme Le Ventre). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom-of-life situations,YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme/Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker(Barriere Securite Enfant Extra large d'escalier Porte de sécurité for bébé Easy Walk Thru Dog enfant porte Verrouillage la gâchette Barrière portes et escaliers).Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond(Max Factory Shunya Yamashita Military Qty's Plastic Model Kit 1/20 PLAMAX MF-42 Minimum Miyuki Makeup Ed),TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu, in their narratives,FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey.ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders,NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves.
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However,Festina Horloge F20439/1. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon,BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme(YUEFF Tissage Bresilien Meche Bresilienne Extension Cheveux Naturel Lisse - Grade 9A Unprocessed Brazilian Human Hair Extensions). Comparable to our results,TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali(BINMA Sweats à Capuche Homme Les Hommes et Femmes 3D imprimé Pull Canal Ciel étoilé Sweat Manches Longues-Columbia Spire Heights Veste imperméable pour Homme). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande(Huangwanru Boîte de Montre pour Homme 9 Machines à sous Affichage Rangement Bijoux Case Bracelet Plateau Faux Cuir Noir boîte Hommes ou Femmes).
Conclusion
The decision-Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil-of-HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent.
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Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,steve madden Liv Bootie .