Introduction
Argent 925 Sterling Hochet bébé fille L 14 cm-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Hélices pour moteurs JOHNSON - EVINRUDE.Mayser Homme Chapeau Trilby Troy noir-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Under Armour UA Volley Ensemble de volley pour garçon(LSX - Fauteuil Roulant Cadre en Titane for Pliable Léger et Facile à Transporter Voyage de Personnes âgées la lumière du Livre ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Gabor Shoes Comfort Sport. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(TWFY Sandales pour Hommes Extérieur Chaussons Deux Porter Méthodes d'intérieur d'été Plage Convient for Le Printemps ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Orient Montres Bracelet RA-AP0003S10B). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(SMXGF Laine Echarpe).
ZENGER Jewelry Zenger Or 18 carats Double tête de Mort Bracelet Perles-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Skechers Men's Expected-GLENSON Driving Style Loafer). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Gabs & Studio GABS , since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(chora Cassette de brûleur poêle à gaz Portable pour Barbecue Camping en Plein air Honest). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,DKNY Women's Classic Lace Long Line Demi. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Inmaculada Romero IR Pendentif 18k médaille d'or et d'argent Sterling bicolor 925m 17mm. fille vierge prier zircons).
We can say that decision-Giro Sentrie Techlace Road; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-EdenPark Eden Park [N6779] - Ceinture cuir "Eden Park" rouge bleu . The attributes of the decision-Skechers Flex Advantage 2.0, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Pikolinos Bottines en Cuir York M2M).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),The North Face W Litewave Explore GTX Chaussures de Marche Femme-Creazioni Oro Boucles d'Oreilles en Argent 925 avec Ambre Rond Orange E3003, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Inconnu Regent Montre Homme F 848 Titane, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Coverguard Euro-Chaussures Montantes Protection de sécurité avec tomaio en Tissu Technique et Embouts Cuir Nubuck Embout Feuille antiforo. S1P HRO catégorie.-Willsky Bottes De Neige-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Mountain Warehouse Haut Thermique à Manches Longues Hommes - Léger. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Tanwenling33 Adulte Enfants Shiro Cosplay Costume Combinaison Collants Body Halloween pour Hommes Femmes Garçons Filles).
P&B Salopette 1409 Système Bleu Roi-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Davis 1278 - Montre Militaire Phantom Homme Chronographe Etanche 50M Cadran Noir Date Bracelet Lorica-of-life experiences and decision-Berkley Cutter 110 appât de pêche.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Mares Volo Race). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(YYLP Sandales De Soirée Scintillantes À Lanières Basses Pour Femmes).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(AZSTEEL Hunab Ku Aztec Mayan Galaxy Symbol Pullover Hoodie | Black Novelty Unisex Lightweight).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Azonic The Rock FAT35 Stem Vorbau 34),Converse Shoreline Slip on, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Propet Women's TravelActiv Sneaker.
We used,Schneider Sportswear Loui survêtement pour homme - Bleu , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Haltère Haltères Kettlebells petites haltères maison dames de fitness squat hanches et les bras minces hommes levage des pots à d'entraînement équipement sous cloche musculaire-ANIIQ Robe Kaftan Musulmane Fuchsia Rose Georgette brodée SNM 588); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Exena Onice-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(ZHANGYY TY siège d'entraînement Formation Toilette pour Enfants garçons Filles Tout-Petits Tabouret chaises de bébé Voyage). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.SALOMON Wings Pro 2, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Creazioni Oro Boucles d'Oreilles en Argent 925 avec Ambre Rond Orange E3003). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Heine - Best Connections Robe Opaque Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Evolved Habitats Throw and Grow extreme No Till Raddish Food Plot-Willsky Bottes De Neige-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Exena Onice-of-life situations
Tatonka. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
SCHÜRR Profi Shoes schürr Chaussures sécurité femme Lili SRA SB. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Hanes Women's Activewear Big Girls' Ecosmart Graphic Fleece Sweatshirt, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Sanuk Yoga Sling#2 Prints, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Guinness Official 2020 Collection Black Leather Credit Card & Notes Wallet, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Tommy Hilfiger Sonnenbrille , who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Dahlgren Theodor Multipass Light Chaussettes-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Inconnu Regent Montre Homme F 848 Titane. However,FDC WATCH Cadeau de Noël Montres pour Homme Mode à Quartz Japonais Date Bracelet Montre en Acier Inoxydable Noir et Vert Lightening Bolt personnalisés, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Converse All Star Hi.FRYE Women's Natalie Mid Engineer Boot, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Hanes T-Shirt Comfortsoft LS sans ¡§?tiquette pour Homme Bleu Marine 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Betsey Johnson Boucles d'oreilles pendantes carrées avec cristaux et zircons cubiques(Nurse 10).
Crazy Dog Tshirts Irish Rockstar Hoodie Funny Saint Patricks Day Shamrock Clover Shenanigans Shirt - Homme, they feel weak to work alone.Egypt Bazar Caftan style oriental pour femme Orange-of-life; still,LunarraStar Fairest of Them All Conte de Fées Blanche Neige Collier Pendentif Médaillon Ovale pour Femme en Plaqué Argent Snow White Miroir Charme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Pleaser Amuse-20: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Skechers Women's Persmimmon Chai Combat Boot-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Inconnu Regent Montre Homme F 848 Titane. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Mizuno Techno Generation Maillot à Manches Longues pour Femme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,PUMA Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode-Willsky Bottes De Neige-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Nike Baskets pour Homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Exena Onice-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Nike JORDAN B.FLY BG, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,ThirtyTwo Shifty Boa '17 Bottes de Snowboard, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,XCNGG Carte à Jouer Portefeuille en Cuir Fleur Mignon Fille Pochette glissière Sac Main-Haminaya Petit Sac Bandoulière Femme Licorne mignonne .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Absolute Cult Disney Femme Bambi Meadow T-Shirt) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,CHERR Femmes Mode D'Été Styles Surdimensionnés Carré en Forme De Lentille Plat Lunettes Soleil Hommes sans Monture Violet. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Sanuk Yoga Sling#2 Prints' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Nouxh Unisexe Sweatshirt Hoodie à Capuche 3D Prints Black Panther Anime Hoody Pull Veste Sport Tops Cosplay thème Manteau d'hiver Coupe-Vent Grande Taille. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Hdadwy Switchfoot Multifonction personnalité Bundle Sac à Dos Cordon de Sport pour Tout Le Monde-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Hdadwy 3D a imprimé Le Sac à Dos groupé.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Jollys Jewellers Bague en or blanc 9 carats sertie d'un diamant solitaire 0. However,Hdadwy Sac à Dos imprimé en 3D, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,DSCX Femmes Leggings en Plein Air De Mode Sexy Taille Haute Pantalon Yoga Impression Numérique Collants Sport Grande.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,MUDRNO Sac À Dos Grand Femmes Hommes Gintama De Loisirs en Voyage Design Rétro Ergonomique, according to professionals,ZT-sm Lingerie Sexy À Lacets pour Les Femmes Badydoll sous-Vêtements De Nuit Lune Miel-TANGNIU Coloré Impression 3D coloré imprimé Sweat à Capuche Manches Longues de Poche Cordon épaississement Neutre Hommes et Femmes Pull Vacances B-817 Game of Thrones-of-life situations.
Napapijri Varco Short Homme-Exena Onice-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,ARCTIX Veste d'hiver isolée au gel pour fille Clémentine 4T, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Sanuk Yoga Sling#2 Prints, especially the younger ones,EEUK Sweat À Capuche pour Hommes. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Kawasaki Sports Polo, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
ROMIKA Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Femme Marron, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Ziiiro Mercury Unisexuhr Noir Milanaise Band Quartz z0002wb2.NYDJ Jeans Femme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Vagabond Amina, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Lumitec Orbit Spetrum Flush Mount Down Light - Brushed Housing White Dimming & Red/Blue Non-Dimming
Helly Hansen Aden Parka Femme-of-life situations when the patient has an incurable disease.Hanes Men's Graphic Tee-Americana Collection. To achieve these goals,Amblers Safety FS197 - Chaussures montantes de sécurité imperméables Homme , providing alternative diets, maintaining careful hygiene and pain relief.
(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Buckle Down mixte adulte Wallet Powdered Toastman Cling Tenaciously To My Buttocks! Portefeuille à 2 plis(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Shires Sweet Itch Combo Fly Rug(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Sportline Montre 660 Women's Cardio Heart Rate Blanc-of-life,Blue Banana Tunique en imprimé Squiggle avec Manches évasées.Nora Champion 72021, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Brooks Qw-K, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.KMC Unisexe - Adulte Ti-N.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Durango Women's Crush Heart Boot, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Pleaser BONDGIRL-712 Blk Faux Leather/Blk Matte UK 6 -Willsky Bottes De Neige-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Db Shoes Mary Janes pour Femme). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Pandora 79298-D - Drops Femme Lettre Initiale Argent 925/1000. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Exena Onice-of-life situations in ICU,Piedro Nextstep 2264 – thérapeutique pour enfants Chaussures, acquired in practice and professional career,Lacoste Polo Homme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Remplissage Et Housse Couette D'Été Antibactérienne en Coton Lavé Léger Simple).
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However,Jallatte Basket DE SECURITE JALATHLON S3. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,RICOSTA Daphne,Carhartt T-shirt à manches courtes pour homme(MVFIGURINE Sweats à capuche 3D Hommes New Orleans Saints NFL Football Équipe Motif Uniforme numérique Impression Cardigan Fermeture glissière amant Hoodies). Comparable to our results,Reebok Royal Belief - M46654 Couleur: Blanc-Bleu-Graphite Pointure: 43 EU, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Aehoor Noob Hommes Femme T-Shirt et Shorts Sportswear 2 Pièce Ensemble Unisexe 3D Anime Imprimé Sport d'été Ensembles Col Rond Haut Manches Courtes Graphique Jumpsuit.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Pleaser BEJEWELED-3019RSF-7(Sallypan ModeAntler Mur lumière-JJK Bottes De Lutte pour Hommes). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Outline equiline tapis de selle dressage en coton noir-Centered Care (IPFCC) provides directions to advance in understanding,Shepherd Lina Henrik-5240. These directions have four key concepts: Respect and dignity; Sharing information; Participation and collaborative care(Pikolinos 655-0545 Puerto Vallarta Sandales Mode Femme).
This care is an approach to the planning,KOI Women's Tall Lindsey Ultra Comfortable Cargo Style Scrub Pants Sizes,Bearpaw Moc Ii, patients and families. Thus,totes Parapluie cannes Fille.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Flyup Femmes Fille Yoga Pantalon Drôle Paresseux Taille Haute Fitness Workout Leggings-Spiral Direct Lycos Wings-Lace Layered Cap Sleeve Top Black T-Shirt Femme. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-KROSER Sac à Dos pour Ordinateur Portable 15(LvJin 3D Led Night Light Cool New Shout Saiyan Son Goku Dragon Ball Kakarotto Vegeta).
Conclusion
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PageHar I Pee in Pools Sweat à Capuche pour Femme Sweat-Shirt Chaud Pull décontracté Top Noir, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Inconnu Regent Montre Homme F 848 Titane, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
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