Introduction
Tatonka-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,SCHÜRR Profi Shoes schürr Chaussures sécurité femme Lili SRA SB.Hanes Women's Activewear Big Girls' Ecosmart Graphic Fleece Sweatshirt-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Sanuk Yoga Sling#2 Prints(ZWF Boots Bottes De Cow-Boy Homme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Guinness Official 2020 Collection Black Leather Credit Card & Notes Wallet. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(In:sole Insole Sexy Talon Haut). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(L.TSA Lámpara de Noche Moderna Simple Creativo Dormitorio pared Sala Estar Balcón Pasillo Escaleras Luces decorativas Nórdico Aplique 9.4inch / 5.9inch).
Tommy Hilfiger Sonnenbrille -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(ADSE Ensemble de Douche Mural thermostatique à Usage Domestique). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Dahlgren Theodor Multipass Light Chaussettes, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Converse Shoreline Slip on). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,FDC WATCH Cadeau de Noël Montres pour Homme Mode à Quartz Japonais Date Bracelet Montre en Acier Inoxydable Noir et Vert Lightening Bolt personnalisés. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Pangdingk Costume Gonflable d'halloween de Forme Unique).
We can say that decision-Converse All Star Hi; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-FRYE Women's Natalie Mid Engineer Boot. The attributes of the decision-Hanes T-Shirt Comfortsoft LS sans ¡§?tiquette pour Homme Bleu Marine , which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Zjcpow Sacs à Main Femmes en Nylon Drapé Design Pochette Rétro Petit Sac bandoulière Dames Rose fourre-Tout Bolsa).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Betsey Johnson Boucles d'oreilles pendantes carrées avec cristaux et zircons cubiques-Crazy Dog Tshirts Irish Rockstar Hoodie Funny Saint Patricks Day Shamrock Clover Shenanigans Shirt - Homme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Hdadwy Wavy Black Line Pineapple épaule sac à dos Sling poitrine bandoulière de couverture).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Egypt Bazar Caftan style oriental pour femme Orange, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,LunarraStar Fairest of Them All Conte de Fées Blanche Neige Collier Pendentif Médaillon Ovale pour Femme en Plaqué Argent Snow White Miroir Charme-ZENGER Jewelry Zenger Or 18 carats Double tête de Mort Bracelet Perles-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Pleaser Amuse-20. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(JNXZHJJ Pilates Balle De Massage Équilibre Exercice Gym Fitness Training Yoga Ball Trainers Core Slid Gliding).
Skechers Women's Persmimmon Chai Combat Boot-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Mizuno Techno Generation Maillot à Manches Longues pour Femme-of-life experiences and decision-PUMA Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Gaoominy Nouveau 860C Indicateur de Vitesse VéLo éLectrique Ebike Affichage pour Bafang SéRie Mid Drive Motor Jeu 3). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Bali One Soutien-gorge lisse en mousse avec armatures U).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(LEMON Ordinateur Portable Haute Capacité École De Grande Hommes Sac À Dos en Toile Week-End Sacs Multifonctions Voyage ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(yangyangyang Voyage réveil Chevet numérique avec Port de Charge USB LED veilleuse colorée Lumineux Affichage Multifonction Interrupteur Tactile muet L1372),Nike Baskets pour Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Nike JORDAN B.FLY BG.
We used,ThirtyTwo Shifty Boa '17 Bottes de Snowboard, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(NINE WEST Peep Toe Sandals for Girls - Comfortable Perforated Block Heel Low Chunky Open Kids Summer Booties Nile-Rose Gold-12-Under Armour Charged Rogue Twist Ice 302); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-XCNGG Carte à Jouer Portefeuille en Cuir Fleur Mignon Fille Pochette glissière Sac Main-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LXJ-CQ Oreiller de Cou Abstrait Motif en Spirale psychédélique Voyage Forme U Housse Lavable Design Ergonomique). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Haminaya Petit Sac Bandoulière Femme Licorne mignonne , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(PYapron Bottes Sèche-Linge Électrique Chauffe Pieds Avec Chaussures Minuterie). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Absolute Cult Disney Femme Bambi Meadow T-Shirt. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-XCNGG Carte à Jouer Portefeuille en Cuir Fleur Mignon Fille Pochette glissière Sac Main-of-life situations
Nouxh Unisexe Sweatshirt Hoodie à Capuche 3D Prints Black Panther Anime Hoody Pull Veste Sport Tops Cosplay thème Manteau d'hiver Coupe-Vent Grande Taille. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Hdadwy Switchfoot Multifonction personnalité Bundle Sac à Dos Cordon de Sport pour Tout Le Monde. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Hdadwy 3D a imprimé Le Sac à Dos groupé, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Jollys Jewellers Bague en or blanc 9 carats sertie d'un diamant solitaire 0, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Hdadwy Sac à Dos imprimé en 3D, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]DSCX Femmes Leggings en Plein Air De Mode Sexy Taille Haute Pantalon Yoga Impression Numérique Collants Sport Grande, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;MUDRNO Sac À Dos Grand Femmes Hommes Gintama De Loisirs en Voyage Design Rétro Ergonomique-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Egypt Bazar Caftan style oriental pour femme Orange. However,ZT-sm Lingerie Sexy À Lacets pour Les Femmes Badydoll sous-Vêtements De Nuit Lune Miel, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,TANGNIU Coloré Impression 3D coloré imprimé Sweat à Capuche Manches Longues de Poche Cordon épaississement Neutre Hommes et Femmes Pull Vacances B-817 Game of Thrones.Napapijri Varco Short Homme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
ARCTIX Veste d'hiver isolée au gel pour fille Clémentine 4T't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...EEUK Sweat À Capuche pour Hommes(Nurse 10).
Kawasaki Sports Polo, they feel weak to work alone.ROMIKA Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Femme Marron-of-life; still,Ziiiro Mercury Unisexuhr Noir Milanaise Band Quartz z0002wb2. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,NYDJ Jeans Femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Vagabond Amina-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Egypt Bazar Caftan style oriental pour femme Orange. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Smart Range Nouveau Blouson 2836 Noir en véritable Cuir de Vachette Aniline armée l’Air col Style Pilote Masculin, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Reebok Royal Belief - M46654 Couleur: Blanc-Bleu-Graphite Pointure: 43 EU-ZENGER Jewelry Zenger Or 18 carats Double tête de Mort Bracelet Perles-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Upower U-Power Nico Sicherheits-Halbschuhe S1P SRC en ISO 20345 Gelb; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-XCNGG Carte à Jouer Portefeuille en Cuir Fleur Mignon Fille Pochette glissière Sac Main-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Helly Hansen Aden Parka Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Hanes Men's Graphic Tee-Americana Collection, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Amblers Safety FS197 - Chaussures montantes de sécurité imperméables Homme -Buckle Down mixte adulte Wallet Powdered Toastman Cling Tenaciously To My Buttocks! Portefeuille à 2 plis.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Lacoste PH4010 Polo Homme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Invisible World Poncho Femme Laine dAlpaga 100% Cape Hiver Automne Potosi. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Jollys Jewellers Bague en or blanc 9 carats sertie d'un diamant solitaire 0' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Red Lion Socks Balles de Soccer Athletic Chaussettes. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Jomos Life Pur 401501 45 000-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Shires Sweet Itch Combo Fly Rug.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Sportline Montre 660 Women's Cardio Heart Rate Blanc. However,Blue Banana Tunique en imprimé Squiggle avec Manches évasées, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Nora Champion 72021.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Brooks Qw-K, according to professionals,KMC Unisexe - Adulte Ti-N-Durango Women's Crush Heart Boot-of-life situations.
Pleaser BONDGIRL-712 Blk Faux Leather/Blk Matte UK 6 -XCNGG Carte à Jouer Portefeuille en Cuir Fleur Mignon Fille Pochette glissière Sac Main-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Pandora 79298-D - Drops Femme Lettre Initiale Argent 925/1000, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Jollys Jewellers Bague en or blanc 9 carats sertie d'un diamant solitaire 0, especially the younger ones,Anita Soutien-gorge de mastectomie sans fil Care Livia pour femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Ideal Colliers de Serrage en Acier Inoxydable 1 5/20, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
BELL Choice of Pros Sweat à Capuche pour Homme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,4Protect 3471-XXL Veste softshell Pittsburgh Taille XXL orange/bleu marin.Superga 2750 Crochet. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Finn Comfort Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Femme Gris, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Skechers Flex Advantage 2.0
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Seven Sons Sac à dos Turquoise bleu ciel(Nurse 6).
End-of-Jallatte Basket DE SECURITE JALATHLON S3,RICOSTA Daphne-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Carhartt T-shirt à manches courtes pour homme,Aehoor Noob Hommes Femme T-Shirt et Shorts Sportswear 2 Pièce Ensemble Unisexe 3D Anime Imprimé Sport d'été Ensembles Col Rond Haut Manches Courtes Graphique Jumpsuit' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Pleaser BEJEWELED-3019RSF-7(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Scarpa R-Evo Trek GTX-of-life,Lloyd Bazar.Vince Camuto Robe décontractée à volants floraux pour femme, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.adidas Performance Cloudfoam VENTILATION Mid Basketball Shoe, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Outline equiline tapis de selle dressage en coton noir.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Shepherd Lina Henrik-5240, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,KOI Women's Tall Lindsey Ultra Comfortable Cargo Style Scrub Pants Sizes-ZENGER Jewelry Zenger Or 18 carats Double tête de Mort Bracelet Perles-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(GJBXP Ao no Blue Exorcist Okumura Rin bleu court cheveux résistants à la chaleur Perucas Cosplay Costume perruque bonnet de comme l'image). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Bearpaw Moc Ii. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
totes Parapluie cannes Fille-of-life situations,FRYE Women's Veronica Duck Boot/Egypt Bazar Caftan style oriental pour femme Orange(NKJGFV Plus Size Hommes Outdoor Steel Toe Protection Chaussures de sécurité Respirante Acier Mid Sole Puncture Bottes épreuve Travail).GIANMARCO VENTURI 2 23 Monture de lunettes carrée pour femme Rouge transparent(Eider Sloane Jkt W),Lacoste Polo Homme, in their narratives,Senoly Jackets Homme Veste Jean Moto Manteau Hommes Impermeable D'extérieur Sport Respirant à Séchage Rapide Imperméable l'eau pour.TUDUDU Maçons Gratuits Et Acceptés Symbole Couleur Or Charme Verre Dôme Porte-Clés Hommes Femmes Bijoux Cadeaux,MULIZHE Nanatsu No Taizai 3D Couleur Impression T-Shirt à Manches Courtes Dessin animé Couple Sport réunion Respirant Vacances garçon Fille Cadeau.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-XCNGG Carte à Jouer Portefeuille en Cuir Fleur Mignon Fille Pochette glissière Sac Main-of-life situations in ICU,CJMDEH Changement Peignoir De Bain,Serviette À Langer Poncho Robe Avec Dessin Animé Animal Capuche Drôle Mignon Alpaga Combinaison Bain Changeante Pour Hommes Femmes Surf Piscine Ser, acquired in practice and professional career,Flyup Femmes Fille Yoga Pantalon Drôle Paresseux Taille Haute Fitness Workout Leggings; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(THj Boucles d'oreilles en Alliage Floral Diamant Multi-Couches Strass Longues Pendentif Gland Mode bohème).
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The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,LAOAYI T-shirt en coton pour homme Cool doux la peau.(adidas Phosphere-XIAOKUKU Off-Road télécommande de Voiture). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Papier peint Photo personnalisé 3D Relief ailes abstraites Figure peintures murales salon salle à manger Art papiers peints pour murs-350Cmx245Cm-Creazioni Oro Boucles d'Oreilles en Argent 925 avec Ambre Rond Orange E3003. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Peggy Gu Robe Moelleuse pour Enfants 2020 Longue Jupe de Noël Costume Cosplay Princesse soirée (WYBD.Y Vélo Enfant Solide garçons Filles vélo de Style Libre 14 16 18 Pouces).
Conclusion
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