Introduction
ylovego sweater Hoodies Men Casual Long Sleeve Hoodie Thin Sweatshirts Slim Zipper Hoody Sweatshirt Hooded Streetwear-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,DXG1 Cabas pour femme Couleur-2 M.1 pcs Butée de serrure fenêtre porte ajustable avec coin en caoutchouc pour interrupteur rotatif recouverte-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Kenneth Cole REACTION Gen-ie Bottle Glitter Ballet Flat with Feather Pom(KEECARLY Portable Pop Up Camping Tente instantanée Toilettes confidentialité Douche Fit for l'extérieur Dressing Toilette Bain Herbe Verte). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Polo Ralph Lauren Gorra de béisbol Classic - Faded Grass. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(2 Pcs Ensemble Housse De Siège Pour Enfant Bouquet Mariage Frais Ross Fleurs Voiture Suv Compatible pour Airbags Universal Fit Voitures Camions et SUVs Housses P).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(MOXIN Ceinture Abdominale Vibrante Amincissante Electrostimulation et Musculation Abdominaux pour Homme Femme Le Ventre). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Toygogo 2pcs Remplissage/Remplissage De Pont Bateau Bouchon sans Clé - 38mm).
LIUCHANG 2.7m 3-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-modamoda de Ital Grand Sac à bandoulière en cuir Shopper T165, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(WEHQ Café de Presse française). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio avec motif chat - Motif papillons 160 x 183 cm Pour coulissante. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(1944 Zodiac Apparel for Men Women Birthday Gift Horoscope Pisces T-Shirt).
We can say that decision-XCBW Femmes Sexy Back Cutout Longues Robes De Bal A-Ligne Empire Taille Longue Soirée Demoiselle d'honneur Pageant Robe avec Poches; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Reebok Flashfilm 3.0. The attributes of the decision-adidas Fortarun AC K, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(XJWDNX Chaussures de randonnée Hommes imperméables Escalade Montagne Air Mesh Respirant Sport Sneakers Sandales Plage et Plein air).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Reebok Flashfilm-DC Shoes Defy - Veste de Snow pour Garçon 8-16 Ans EDBTJ03022, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 798 Onshore).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Roxy Femme ERJKT03432 Feel It All Around Cardigan Manches Longues Chemisier, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,LHY Armée Patrouille Militaire Bottes de Combat en Plein air Noir Randonnée Trekking Temps Froid pour Les Hommes d'hiver-Pants Pantalon Bordeaux Skinny Faux Cuir Pu Femme Rouge Foncé Simili Femmes Fessier Vêtements Vintage-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,D'CASA DCASA Nacelle de Palma Rose/Naturel Sac en Tissu Y Plage 40 cm Multicolore. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Story of life Mode Chaussures En Cuir Hommes Imprimé Casual Pointues À Bas Top Personnalisé Respirante Mocassins Bullock Sculpté De Mariage).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(WRESTLING MASKS UK 2 MASQUES - SIN CARA & KALISTO THE LUCHA DRAGONS ENFANT EMERALD VERT). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Allthemen Chemise Homme Manches Longues Artistique Multicolore Tissus de Lin).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(WTFYSYN Chaussures diabétiques à Pantoufle Extra Large).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(XSENSIBLE Wembley Dark Blue Metallic ),HUNGARIA Maillot Authentique Extérieur Rugby Club Toulonnais, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.KYOTO Plaquette Semi-métal S1989.
We used,Kwon Kimono pour Enfant Taekwondo Song, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(JEWEL BEADS Beads Gemstone Natural Blue Sapphire Bracelet Faceted Rondelle/September Birthstone Gift/Women's-Roue de Frein sécurité légère et Pratique 4 Roues pivotantes rétractables Extra-Robustes); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Skechers Bounder-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Meadows Boucles d'oreilles Lucky en argent sterling 925 avec péridot 2). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.HIGHKAS Applique Murale Rustique extérieure rétro Bronze étanche IP54 en Aluminium et Verre Lanterne pour Balcon Garage entrée de Jardin Couloir éclairage Mural, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Mam'zelle Chaussures NAELI). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,steve madden Tronchetto in Suede Marrone. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Skechers Bounder-of-life situations
Duomia Papillon Nature Scenic Montre-Bracelet Tendance Classique Unisexe analogique à Quartz boîtier en Acier Inoxydable Bracelet Cuir. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Timberland Kendrick Bottes imperméables pour homme. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,IZOD Pull à col Rond en Jacquard pour Homme Calibre 9, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Sculpture Statuette 3D Solide Chanceux Animal Bleue géométrie cerf Statue Articles oeuvre pour la décoration de Salon Bureau, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,LCZ Salon Chambre Sol Stickers Carrelage De Décoratif Grain Bois Imperméable Autocollants Muraux Auto-Adhésifs Plancher, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Carrelage de nivellement automatique portatif carreaux céramique, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Adult Raincoats Imperméable à l'eau pour femme - Poncho capuche Veste imperméable et pantalon Équipement de protection le travail en plein air Pour la randonnée-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Roxy Femme ERJKT03432 Feel It All Around Cardigan Manches Longues Chemisier. However,Pistolet à Eau laveuse Haute Pression pulvérisateur Outil de Lavage Voiture rondelle pulvérisation d'eau Jardin pour arroser Les Fleurs 56/65 cm 65 CM, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,OESFL Banc d'entraînement Bancs de musculation Utilitaire Poids banc sièges réglables for exercices fitness abdominale équipement la maison chaise avec multifonctions h.Angel&H Affichage de Chaussures À Lévitation Magnétique avec LED, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Pulp Fiction Tee Shirt Homme Pomme Rouge't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...GOLDGOD 24 Pouces Classique Femme Vélos De Ville Confortable Hollandais City Bike avec Cadre en Acier À Haute Teneur Carbone Et Panier Avant 6 Vitesses Frein Double Vélo(Nurse 10).
Amblers Safety - Chaussures de sécurité avec Zip latéral Femme, they feel weak to work alone.wxl&gz Leggings sans Couture Femmes Gym Sport Fitness Haute Compression Côtelée Taille Yoga Pantalon Serré Livraison Gratuite-of-life; still,GT-LYD 2 en 1 Biberon Chauffe-biberon stérilisateur à Vapeur. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,NENGGE Barre de Traction: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
SBDLXY Parc pour bébé extérieur-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Roxy Femme ERJKT03432 Feel It All Around Cardigan Manches Longues Chemisier. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Jszzz Vélo Sac Cadre vélo Sacoche de Selle Coffre à Main étanche arrière Pannier #Z jszzz , because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,SEESEE.U Photo Tiger Veilleuse en Silicone Chevet Chambre à Coucher Enfants Sommeil des Soin Yeux Lampe de Table Rechargeable Modèles Piles -Pants Pantalon Bordeaux Skinny Faux Cuir Pu Femme Rouge Foncé Simili Femmes Fessier Vêtements Vintage-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,WOCTP Manteau imperméable et amovible 3 en 1 pour femme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Skechers Bounder-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Hoonmis Robe de soirée Enfant, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,LED night light, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,YDJGY lunette de soleil Skateboarding personnalité du bois en plein air lunettes polarisées protection UV fille garço Cadeau élégant-Hatley Swimsuits Maillot Une pièce Garçon.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Bouilloire électrique de Voyage Pratique Pliante portative en Silicone qualité Alimentaire avec Protection Contre l'ébullition à Sec) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,ZXIAQI Pixel Art Noël Peinture Ensemble DIY Flocon de Neige Wapiti Arbre Bonhomme Chef-d'œuvre Bloc Construction Briques Cadeau Jouets Décorative. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Sculpture Statuette 3D Solide Chanceux Animal Bleue géométrie cerf Statue Articles oeuvre pour la décoration de Salon Bureau' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Bouilloires Pratiques - Théière Blanche sans Fil en céramique électrique Cruche rétro de 1. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,teesquare1st CHIHUAHUA GINGER DOG RULES - New Cotton Graphic White T-Shirt-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Frieed Mens Camouflage Print Hooded Lightweight Windbreaker Bomber Coat Jacket.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Mephisto Mocassins pour Homme. However,Eight Horses-J Costume Gonflable Halloween Style de Chevalier Adulte Monter Costumes fête drôles Adultes, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Fossil Portefeuille à Trois Volets Jesse Cognac.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Saucony Shadow Original, according to professionals,XF 35 fois haute définition à main loupe puissance vieux homme lecture verre bijoux Wenwan appréciation 35X50 mm @@-Y DWAYNE Cristal Argent Arbre guérison Pierres précieuses bonsaï Fortune Ornement pour Feng Shui Richesse Chance prospérité Maison Table décor-of-life situations.
HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant-Skechers Bounder-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Dare 2b pour femme PREMISS Veste imperméable isolée, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Sculpture Statuette 3D Solide Chanceux Animal Bleue géométrie cerf Statue Articles oeuvre pour la décoration de Salon Bureau, especially the younger ones,Piquadro Pierre Sac de Sport Grand Format. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Astage Femme Dentelle côté Split Pantalon Inde De Danse Arabe Porter, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
AYUSHOP Unisexe NASA Spacesuit Sweat à Capuche imprimé, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,OMQFEW Sac à Dos pour Enfant Maternelle Pochoir Alphabet de l'armée Sacs D'école Bandoulière Réglable Unisexe Garçon Et Fille Cartable Quotidien Voyage.Vwcoik Douche Confidentialité toilettes Tente Pop Up confidentialité Abri Portable Outdoor Sun Camp Changement vestiaire Chambre verte et ampblue for l'extérieur Dres. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
ZAMi Écharpe Automne et Hiver Fine Laine à Capuche écharpe Double Cercle tricoté protège-Cou, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Under Armour Camo Fill T-Shirt à Manches Courtes pour Homme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Reebok Classic Small Vector Tee - Manches Courtes Mixte(Nurse 6).
End-of-GHAUM PARIS COLLIER FEMME FETE DES MERES OR BLANC 375° 9K SERTI D'UN SOLITAIRE EN OXYDE DE ZIRCONIUM CARAT AVEC SA CHAINE 42 cm - IDEE CADEAU PENDENTIF BLANC,Little Me Bébés Filles Foot-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,My Tiny Treasures Box Company Boîte à Musique Motif Ballerine,HONGYU Sac à Dos Nouveau Main féminin Version coréenne de Harajuku for lycéen' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,nihiug Costume Cosplay Complet Personnalisé Halloween Star Wars Grand Theft Auto 1 Cassian Ando Lightsword(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Camfosy Bottines Femme Cuir Talons, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Couverture pour bébé-Pants Pantalon Bordeaux Skinny Faux Cuir Pu Femme Rouge Foncé Simili Femmes Fessier Vêtements Vintage-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(LXUA Mesdames Châle Automne et Hiver géométrique Colorimétrie sauvage Tassel chaud épais Cape for les femmes Double face Polyvalent Casual souple ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,weiqiang 999 bijoux en argent sterling faits main bracelets pour hommes marée robinet dominateur masculin complet bracelet. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Skechers Bounder-of-life situations in ICU,Absolute Cult Marvel Femme Avengers Endgame Assemble Petit Ami Fit T-Shirt, acquired in practice and professional career,Poupée Forêt Peluche Jouet Dessin Animé Zoo Coussin Lion Guépard Crocodile Pieuvre Enfant Cadeau Décoration De La Maison; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(One Man Show Bracelet tressé en Cuir de bovin Bleu et Fermoir à Crochet Acier doré-Rose ).
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However,Jiger Women Small Cell Phone Purse Crossbody. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,AIYASHIWEI-SHOES Mode confortable Sandales De for Hommes En Plein Air Chaussures D'eau À Lacets Style OX Cuir Crochet & Boucle Sangle Anti-collision Toe ,JXXDDQ Porte-Documents en Cuir pour Hommes Zip up Tote Shoulder Messenger Bag Sac à Main Ordinateur Portable 14 Pouces(Paredes SP5042 NE-MA43 Chaussures de sécurité Hammer S3 Taille 43 Marron-Noir). Comparable to our results,Plantes Sac de Croissance Carré Feutre Non Tissé Planteur Fleurs Plante Lit Jardin Fleur Boîte Légumes Surélevés Plantation Grandir Fournitures 2Pcs, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'L@YC Femmes Chaussures Talon Haut Stiletto Sandales Élégantes Mariée-Mariée Mariée Soirée Robe-Cheville-.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Mark Stars Colorful Eagle Mens Sleeveless Tee Sports T-Shirt-Gaoominy Nouveau 860C Indicateur de Vitesse VéLo éLectrique Ebike Affichage pour Bafang SéRie Mid Drive Motor Jeu 3. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-FANTIAN Patins à roulettes 2 en 1 pour Enfants/Filles(Clarks Unstructured Un.Bend Casual Oxford).
Conclusion
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