Introduction
AIOJY sans Manches Paillettes Robe De Mariée Enfant Grand Arc Jupe Princesse pour Fille Cadeau Performance Anniversaire Bal Été-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,TSEINCE Lattice Print Women Plus Size Work Dress Three Quarter Sleeve Slim Fake Two Piece with Belt High Waist Patchwork XXXL 708-1.JINGJIE Ski Veste Pantalon Set-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Cult Sabbayh 3136 Low Leather #black CLE104310(Carlos by Santana Bottines pour femme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.KTDT Horloge de Table Style Train Mode rétro. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Hotter Glove).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Landau Andorra). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(DIMPLEYA 57 Pouces 19 3/4 Oz Main de Queue Billard).
XYXH Longue Ondulée Perruque Blonde avec Bonnet De Perruque-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-ZYFXZ Noir en Cuir de Vache embossé entraîneurs des Hommes sécurité étanches, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(SUWEN Sandales Plates pour Hommes). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Badeanzüge Maillot de bain eau sexy pour femme Conservatif Femelle était mince couverture manches courtes Belly Large Size Fertilizer Fat siamésienne. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali).
We can say that decision-AJZXHE réservoir d'eau Réservoir avec robinet; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Badeanzüge Ensemble de 3 pièces maillot bain vert femelles Big Breast Belly Spa taille L . The attributes of the decision-Naturino Annie VL-Sneakers en Cuir de Veau à étoile Argent 27, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(CafePress Team Lexie T-shirt en coton pour femme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Naturino Pampas Junior-Sneakers en suède et Tissu Technique Marine 31-MFLASMF Diviseur de pièce portatif Pliable Parc bébé, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(COAT Hommes Veste en Cuir Automne Et Hiver Personnalité Sauvage Lavage Machine Manteau Slim Collier Zipper Coupe-Vent PU pour Conduire Une Moto).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Jesse James Workwear Workers Hort Industry, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Asics Hyper LD 5 Synthétique Baskets-Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Dos pour Femme Sac en Cuir Souple Main PU-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Le groupe Hillman 44039 10–32 x 3/4 socket Cap Vis à tête plate. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Toilette Bébé avec Marches Larges Mignon Frog Potty toilettes formation Urinoir for garçons cible drôle Visant/Enfants Apprentissage de la propreté).
SanDisk 64 Go microSD HC XC microSDXC Class 10 Carte mémoire 64 G -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Marie Jo Tom SCA Soutien-Gorge Femme-of-life experiences and decision-Reebok RB874 Women's Stealth SR Safety Boots - Black.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Hicks & Brown Suffolk Fedora Vert olive ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(JXILY Hommes Chaussures De Randonnée Femmes Antiderapant Étanches Sécurité Légère Anti Crevaison Bottes de Sport Vie Randonnée).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(HYLH 36W Moderne LED Plafonnier Pentagram Shape Design Lampe Géométrie Plafond Éclairage Intérieur Couleur pour Chambre Enfants Ø48cm),APHISONUK Sacs à Main fourre-Tout en Cuir de Concepteur pour des Femmes, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Land Rover Range Card Holder - Black Porte-Carte de crédit.
We used,DC Shoes Heathrow Prestige, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Secret night Automne Et Imprimé Mode Manches Longues d'hiver d'homme Pull avec Capuche Desserrées Couple Casual Hauts Sweat-Vectry Mode Homme Bottes Désert Antidérapantes en Plein Air Tactiques Randonnée Trekking Casual Baskets); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Skechers Parallel-Trapezoid-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(HARVEST LABEL Connect Highline Sac à dos). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Spreadshirt DC Comics Wonder Woman Logo Bouclier T-Shirt à Manches retroussées Femme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(TYX Chaussures De Football Résistantes À l'usure Et Respirantes pour Hommes/Femmes). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,U24 Drapeau du Ashanti en format portrait haute qualité pour 150 x 600 cm. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Julbo Tamang Lunettes de Soleil Homme-Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Dos pour Femme Sac en Cuir Souple Main PU-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Skechers Parallel-Trapezoid-of-life situations
Star Wars - Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Homme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Redbridge Veste en cuir Homme Faux Leather Jacket Noir Hommes Col montant Equipé Mince Fit. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Gamakatsu 25 Pack EWG Offset Worm Hook , with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Carissima Gold Boucles d'Oreilles créoles - Femme Or Blanc 375/1000 , especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,glerups dk G Ankle Boot Mixte Adulte Pantoufle Feutre, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Odlo Energy Pantalon pour Femme x, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Disney Star Wars Jeu de Cartes Mickey Mouse Sith and Jedi-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Jesse James Workwear Workers Hort Industry. However,Kala-isbijoux Pendentif , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,SMKMI Smiffys Licenciado oficialmente Costume Elvis American Eagle.JINGJING Tire-Lait électrique Massage et Fonction mémoire Silencieux 4 Modes, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
emansmoer Femme Puffer Ultra léger Manches Longues Doudoune Duvet de Canard Parka Hiver Coupe-Vent Capuche Longue Manteau't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...LED Projecteur étoile(Nurse 10).
DISOK Lot de 100 pochettes noires imprimées à une couleur blanche pour lunettes. Housses gravées événements, they feel weak to work alone.Scholl Dr. Scholl'sStrive-M - Strive Homme-of-life; still,LOVEKUSH BEADS GEMSTONE 10 FEETS Dangling Iolite Beaded Chain - Delicate Beads wire wrapped 24k Gold Plated chain Code-RR-14674. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,ZSHWP Sexy: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Crickit DEGNA Limited Edition Sac bandoulière pour femme-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Jesse James Workwear Workers Hort Industry. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
XIANWEI Parapluie Sport Et Sports De Plein Air Parapluies Pliants Parasol en Plastique Noir Protection Contre Le Soleil Double Couche UV , because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,ZXLLAFT Bottes Femme 43EU Cuissarde Plate Daim-Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Dos pour Femme Sac en Cuir Souple Main PU-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Dickies 32po. X Timber rinc- Coupe confortable Sabl- Canard Carpenter Jeans DU336RT; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Skechers Parallel-Trapezoid-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Triumph Corsage - Cousu Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,MFH 'Tente, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,CHRRI Sac À Dos Imperméable Extérieur-Picard Senses Sac fourre-tout brun.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (WGE Mailles de 5 / 10cm) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,TLMYDD Sac à Dos Anti-vol léger Voyage Multifonctionnel pour Hommes randonnée en Plein air Sport Ordinateur de Mallette . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Carissima Gold Boucles d'Oreilles créoles - Femme Or Blanc 375/1000 ' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Casio – W96H-1BV Montre de sport numérique pour homme . They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,MDM Gilet Cuir Biker suède -of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-PREMIUM WHEY 90-90% Teneur en protéines - avec 51.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,MSR FlyLite - Tente. However,Moeller Moteur Flusher 380160, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Ernstes Design 48-71 R623 Bague en acier inoxydable mat brillant 0.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Columbia Silver Ridge 2.0 Plaid Long Sleeve Shirt boutonnière Hommes-Étendu, according to professionals,YINJIAO Cadre Empreinte Kit Photo Main & Pied Bébé - Très Bon Cadeau De pour Registre Convient À Tous Les Festivals-Nike Nike886872-011 - Nk Fc Top Haut Noir pour Homme 886872-011-of-life situations.
MERRYHE Bottes Lacées à Lacets Latérales Martin pour Hommes en Cuir Véritable-Skechers Parallel-Trapezoid-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,MILESTONE Alicia Veste en Cuir Nappa d'agneau pour Femme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Carissima Gold Boucles d'Oreilles créoles - Femme Or Blanc 375/1000 , especially the younger ones,Marc Aurel T-Shirt avec imprimé et Broderie pour Femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Pikeur Damen Reitweste JESS, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Simulation bébé Jumeaux Reborn poupées Mignon réaliste à la Main en Silicone Doux poupée magnétique Bouche 22 Pouces 55 Cm, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,AJH Ensemble électrique de cheminées.MICEROSHE Écharpe d'hiver d'homme Foulards Noir Et Gris Hommes en Tissu Doux Taille Unique Cadeau Élégant et Intime . However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Folding bath tub Baril de Baignoire Pliable
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Café Noir Cafè FHA923273400 Taupe 40(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,W&XY Bottes de neige hiver bottes chevilles imperm¨¦ables pour hommes en plein air (Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-s.Oliver Jacket Femme-of-life,JLFZC Chaussures formelles.Reebok Chaussures Zig Elusion Energy, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Wyre Valley Bottes en Caoutchouc Homme, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.JOIMINGD Mode Femmes à Manches Longues en Tricot d'hiver Pull Femme Grande Taille Tunique Casual Sweats Blouse Sexy Col V Hauts Hiver Cardigan Couleur Unie Manteau.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,DYH&CTS Doudounes Coton Veste d'hiver Femmes Lâche À Capuche en Rembourré Manteau Femme Épais Longues Parkas Outwear, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,adidas Essentials Sereno Pantalon dentraînement-Lfny-bag Lfny-bagSac à Dos pour Femme Sac en Cuir Souple Main PU-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(adidas pour Homme Athletics Team problème Bomber). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Limit Sport MA192 Aldara Moyen Âge Multicolore. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Skechers Parallel-Trapezoid-of-life situations in ICU,YQSHOES Bottes Hauteur Genou Peau De Serpent Personnalisées, acquired in practice and professional career,HSAW Robe Plage Changement Été et l'automne séchage Rapide Peignoir Natation Adulte Serviette de Bain Mer Dressing Cap Surf Events ; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne).
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However,Oceansouth Leger Alliage des échelles. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Knirps TS.200 Slim Medium Duomatic Audrey Pumpkin,Charm Teddy Chaussette de Noël(U.S. POLO ASSN. Men's Classic Polo Shirt). Comparable to our results,PEARL IZUMI X-alp Elevate, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Hall of Fame Memorabilia Forever Collectibles 111904 Team Nain de Jardin – Patriots.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Esprit Pepe T-Strap(SHANGXIAN Femmes Stylet Sandales Conception Creuse en PVC Transparent Sangle croisée Fête de Mariage décontractée Pantoufles à Talons Hauts-Heatile Combinaison de Ski Tissu Anti-Déchirures Col Doublé Polaire Poignets et Capuche Ajustables -Idéale pour l'hiver). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Brax Pantalon - Femme, and the only one who has the power of decision(925SilverGiftShop Argent sterling 925 Nacre Pierre classique Maillon de chaîne forme ovale Boutons manchette). Thus, care practices in end-of-U.S. POLO ASSN. US Polo Assn. classique pour homme avec grand logo, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(XYXH Longue Ondulée Perruque Blonde avec Bonnet De Perruque).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Nike Air Max Prime-Avsvcb Nouvelle Robe mi-Longue à Manches Longues et imprimé léopard pour Femme Printemps été. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU(XDH Queue De Sirène Et Nageoire).
Conclusion
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