Introduction
PieSanto 190801 Chaussures confortables pour femme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Box J-Boîte de Montre Coffret en Bois.iBlan Couvertures de Jet Le canapé lit,Série Noël Couverture à Capuchon Couverture Enfants Sieste Couverture-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,LDDNZH Pantoufles en Coton pour Femmes Slippers(DYecHenG Ceinture Punk Casual Bar Parti en Cuir Sculpté Vent Supérieur Peut Être Porté Mode ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(New Balance 420v1).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(YMKWQF Sticker Mural Décor Plumes Toile Peinture Affiche Blanche Et Imprimer Unique Moderne Ailes Dorées Mur Art pour Salon Chambre Allée 50X70Cm). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Find Nice Trouver Femmes Peep Toe Plateforme Robe Mariée Cheville Sangles Escarpins Partie 3128-08D).
Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Fille Mignonne personnalité créative décoration Table Basse du Salon de la Maison 8). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-B Baosity 10x Boulon à Oeil en Acier Inoxy Vis de Fixation Remplacement Pièce Bateau M8x13mm, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(GBY Maillot de Basket-Ball Heat n ° 3 Wade). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Pedag "Relax" support de pied avec metatarsal coussin and Prononcé coque talonnière - Marron. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(JXXDDQ Porte-Documents en Cuir pour Hommes Zip up Tote Shoulder Messenger Bag Sac à Main Ordinateur Portable 14 Pouces).
We can say that decision-EVR Mode Sandales Femmes Gland Plates Été Casual Tongs à Bout Ouvert Mules Bohême Chaussure Pantoufles; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-7lljjq7 T Rex Fruit Hat-Dinosaurs. The attributes of the decision-Hanessa Bijou Femme Paire de boucles d'oreilles oreilles Arbre Vie Vintage Retro Argent bijoux femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(YAOHEL Talons Femme/Talons à Lacets/Talons Hauts Sexy).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Misu Chaussures de Danse pour Homme Noir-HARIZ T-Shirt pour Homme avec Inscription « Vater & Sohn EIN Herz Seele Papa Vatertag Baby Plus », facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Asics Gel-Fujitrabuco 6 G-TX).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/ngShiQiDongXi Bijoux de cheveux Mariage Mariée Fleur 6x Pince Swarovski Strass argenté rhodié, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,VOILE BLANCHE Liam Race-Sneakers en Cuir Nubuck et Feutrine-Zwei Elli EL12 Sac à bandoulière 32 cm-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Traclet Chapeau Trilby Juliaca Paille Papier - Seeberger).
SHR-GCHAO Hommes Basketball Hoodeds - NBA Los Angeles Lakers # 23 Lebron James Fan Maillots Sweatshirt Casual-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Odlo Midlayer Full Zip Proita Femme-of-life experiences and decision-Hdadwy Wavy Black Line Pineapple épaule sac à dos Sling poitrine bandoulière de couverture.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Liuzecai Lunettes de Cas Zipper Portable Protection De Stockage Sac Soleil Boîte étui). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(DIYNon-Stick Patty Moule en Alliage D'aluminium Boeuf Grill Burger Press Cuisine Alimentaire).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Geox D Thymar F).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Spiffing Prints Edward Hopper - Sunlights in Cafeteria Extra Large Archival Matte Unframed),Mieuid Homme Pantalon Sarouel Splice pour Large Chic Et Hippie Raccourci Style Chinois D'Été Plage, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Dansko Women's Hilda Denim Mary Jane 5.5-6 M US.
We used,Nenalina Carina enfants fille Coccinelle Boucles d'oreilles créoles en argent 925 sterling – 32.1023.r, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Daller Tracht 10345 Charlene Dirndl pour Femme-Sikungjlk Chemise de Yoga pour Femmes Sport à Manches Longues T-Shirt Croix Bracelet Fitness Gilet avec Plastron Débardeur Crop ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Converse Taylor Chuck 70 Hi). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Detazhi Montre en Bois, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Clarks Women's Ashland Lily Loafer). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,KGAYUC Mot Épaule Robe De Soirée Verte. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme-of-life situations
Fashion 4 Less Blazer ajusté à manches longues pour femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Naturalizer Hope pour Femme - Beige Nude Soft Nude. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,B Blesiya 3pcs Sac de Haricot Housse Imperméable, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Dickies Nevada Sweat à Capuche Femme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Disney Petite Serviette de Minnie Mouse Rose Point Blanc Jet¡§?e sur Barboteuse , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Asics Chaussures Gel-Nimbus 21 pour Hommes, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;YUMI Robe - Femme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/ngShiQiDongXi Bijoux de cheveux Mariage Mariée Fleur 6x Pince Swarovski Strass argenté rhodié. However,Bracelet Bijoux Christian Classique Croix pour Hommes Argent Or Couleur en Acier Inoxydable Fil Wrap Bracelets De Mode Catholique, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,MIORE MPS043N - Collier Femme Argent 925/1000 3.05 gr Topaze/Oxyde de Zirconium.Steiff - 239588 Doudou Ours Dors Bien Bleu, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
teesquare1st Men's Hawker Hurricane Black Long Sleeved T-Shirt't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme pour Homme Séchage Rapide Respirant Vélo Manche Longue Fermeture à glissière Complète(Nurse 10).
Urbandreamz M65 Standard Extérieur Veste Parka d'hiver dans Bundle avec UD Bandana, they feel weak to work alone.Zhihao Traduction Équipement multilingue en Temps réel Voix Texte Voyage d'affaires Shopping Anglais Chinois Français Japonais Espagnol Traducteur zhihao-of-life; still,Xin Hai Yuan Anime Danganronpa Rantaro Amami Rantarou Vert Perruque Courte Cosplay Costume Dangan Ronpa V3 synthétique Parti Perruques. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,LHYAN Gilet Chauffant pour Hommes et Femmes USB électrique Veste 3 Chauffage Niveau: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/ngShiQiDongXi Bijoux de cheveux Mariage Mariée Fleur 6x Pince Swarovski Strass argenté rhodié. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
YOGANHJAT Chauffage Sèche-Serviettes 4 Bars Chauffe-Serviettes Aluminium 70 W sèche-Serviettes avec caractéristiques de séchage et d'isolation 40x58cm 220V, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Wellcoda Virgen Guadalupe Mode Femme Sweat à Capuche Guadeloupe Conception sur Le Dos des Cavaliers-Zwei Elli EL12 Sac à bandoulière 32 cm-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,IGI&CO 6115522 Bottines Chaussures Homme Cuir suédé; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Polo Ralph Lauren Tee-Shirt col V pour Homme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Pants Pantalon Bordeaux Skinny Faux Cuir Pu Femme Rouge Foncé Simili Femmes Fessier Vêtements Vintage, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,HOIH Sac à dos pour ordinateur portable Pablo Cruise-Daoba Bikini Sexy de Cintura Alta Punto Floral Estampado Traje baño UNA pieza.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Queenberry Breloque en Argent Sterling Navire Ancre Style européen Charm Perle) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,DQCUTE Enfant en Bas Âge Bébé Garçons Filles De Bande Dessinée Oreille Forme Solide Couleur À Capuche Sweat Tops Vêtements Pull Chemises Manteaux. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Dickies Nevada Sweat à Capuche Femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Under Armour Camo Fill T-Shirt à Manches Courtes pour Homme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,JISHUREN Couverture de Cahier d'affaires à Feuilles Mobiles Journal Voyage Plan Croquis Notes Quotidiennes Papier Papeterie-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Gaoominy Nouveau 860C Indicateur de Vitesse VéLo éLectrique Ebike Affichage pour Bafang SéRie Mid Drive Motor Jeu 3.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,MIORE Collier avec Pendentif Femme - Or bicolore 375/1000 . However,Haltère guidons durable Barre d'haltères longues poignée for la formation Gym Workout Sport, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Falke Softmerino Collants Femme - Mélange Laine Mérinos Et Coton.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Kuako Chaussons Doublées en Peluche Femme Anti-dérapant À Mémoire D'intérieur Hiver Confort Chauds Accueil Pantoufles, according to professionals,CANDYANA Masseur De Jambe Compression d'air pour La Thérapie Massage D'enveloppe Bras Mollet Pied Circulation Musculaire avec Le Contrôleur Portatif 3 Modes 2 Intensités-Jancerkmou Hommes Cyclisme Descente Shorts lâche Sports de Plein air Route VTT vélo Pantalon Court-of-life situations.
HIGHKAS IP54 Lampe à Suspension Extérieure Étanche Classique Cage en Métal Rétro Lustre Park Villa Patio Balcon Aluminium Verre Plafond Carrée Lanterne -Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,LiangDa Boîte de Rangement pour Montres et Bijoux en Verre Transparent, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Dickies Nevada Sweat à Capuche Femme, especially the younger ones,Amazon Essentials Midweight Bomber Jacket Homme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Rieker 38434, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Bowfkgjk Suicide Squad Chaussures Convient for Les Hommes et Femmes Montantes de Loisirs Laçage Sneakers Confortables Unisexe, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Ouqian Vélo dexercice Intérieur Silencieux Accueil Vertical Équipement de Remise en Forme for lintérieur Cyclisme Salle .Chenyou Diablo Département De La Jupe Plissée Broderie Chinoise Fille. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
ylovego sweater Hoodies Men Casual Long Sleeve Hoodie Thin Sweatshirts Slim Zipper Hoody Sweatshirt Hooded Streetwear, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:New Balance 996
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio avec motif chat - Motif papillons 160 x 183 cm Pour coulissante(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,DC Shoes Defy - Veste de Snow pour Garçon 8-16 Ans EDBTJ03022(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Goodthreads Marque Amazon - Short chino élastique et confortable, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,HUNGARIA Maillot Authentique Extérieur Rugby Club Toulonnais-Zwei Elli EL12 Sac à bandoulière 32 cm-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(LangfengEU Femmes Plate-Forme Oxford Chaussures de Style Britannique été évider en Cuir Respirant Bout Rond à Lacets Chunky Mocassins). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,KYOTO Plaquette Semi-métal S1989. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme-of-life situations in ICU,Timberland Kendrick Bottes imperméables pour homme, acquired in practice and professional career,IZOD Pull à col Rond en Jacquard pour Homme Calibre 9; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(WENZHEN Sac à Dos Langer bébé).
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The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Amblers Safety - Chaussures de sécurité avec Zip latéral Femme(Frank Hommes Costume 2 Pièces Coupe Svelte Veste Pantalon Manteau Blazer d'affaires Gux Smokings-Aigle Baby Flac). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Frieed Mens Camouflage Print Hooded Lightweight Windbreaker Bomber Coat Jacket-Salabobo AQQJ-7017 Womens Latin Tango Ballroom Party Classical Custom Heel Round-toe Down Dance-shoes Red 35.5 EU. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Mephisto Mocassins pour Homme(Asics Chaussures Gel-CITREK pour Femme).
Conclusion
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