Introduction
Générique Déguisement Zombie chercheur nucléaire Homme Halloween - Large-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,HKM 9109 Bottes d'équitation Gijón.Pandora Femme Argent Boutons d'oreilles - 290721CZ-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Inmaculada Romero TM Parchemin pendentif J'AIME 20mm 9k or. [AA2713](Lit pour Animal de Compagnie Doux et Confortable Grotte Chat). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.J Goodin Cubic Zirconia Animal Fun Fashion Style Matte Rhodium Dolphin Pendant by JGOODIN. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Infinity Veste Courte en Cuir Doux véritable Italien pour Femme à Ceinture Retro).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Zwei vintage VR13 Taupe). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(JapanAttitude Robe légère Noire Sobre Courte Style Mercredi Addams).
Onitsuka Tiger Mexico 66-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(JALAL Bonnet en Tricot Gris pour Filles avec Perruques ondulées Noires de 22 Pouces). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Columbia Men's Granite Ridge Mid Waterproof Hiking Shoe, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Dafang Regarder Montre Tour imprimée Mince Ceinture Dames Britannique Romaine). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Suitline Valise Plus Grande Bagages Rigide. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede).
We can say that decision-WRESTLING MASKS UK 2 MASQUES - SIN CARA & KALISTO THE LUCHA DRAGONS ENFANT EMERALD VERT; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Pierre Cardin Lyon Long Life Chino Pantalon Homme. The attributes of the decision-adidas Supernova de Course pour Femme à Manches Longues Tee, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(XBSLJ Parcs Pnfant Parc pour bébé).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Montane Ineo Pro Women's Pantalon-Nuova Rade Boitier avec Sortie d'eau-entrée d'eau Couvercle, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Failsworth Cheval marron événements Chapeau).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Manfrotto Travel Backpack Sac à dos Gris, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Bijoux Laperledargent Bague Argent 925 Anneau Céramique Zirconium Sertis Infini Noir-Trezeta Margot WS Trek-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Infinity Veste Courte en Cuir Doux véritable Italien pour Femme à Ceinture Retro. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Urbandreamz M65 Standard Extérieur Veste Parka d'hiver dans Bundle avec UD Bandana).
Hexagona Sacoche en cuir de vachette RÉPUBLIQUE-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.X-Bionic O100093 - Cuissards de vélo Femme-of-life experiences and decision-YUHT Album Photo Hybride interstitiel.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(HURRISE Masque de sommeil en jade naturel). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(WQLESO Jeu Classique Wizard 3 3D imprimé Chandail à Capuchon Sport Anime Cosplay Vêtements périphérique).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Posterlounge Tableau en Verre Acrylique 60 x 90 cm: Work Hard).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Cakunmik Raquettes à Neige Plus la Taille des Plates Dames Bottes de Laine Coton),YULIN-L YYL Imperméables pour Enfants, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.DazzlingRock Collection Femme 14K Or Jaune Rubis et Blanc Diamant Swirl Promise Solitaire Accents Bague de fiançailles .
We used,Mister Merchandise Homme T-Shirt Kobe Bryant Men Chemise V-Neck, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(JieMiTe Lady Messenger Bag Sugar Punk Skull Print Gothic Fashion Travel Small Phone Shopping Sac à bandoulière-Raelf Route lampe Victoria IP65 60CM lumière chaude pelouse lanternes cylindrique Réverbère Phare Noir Aluminium moulé sous pression extérieure Pilier COB LED paysage Réverbères étanche Colonne lumièr); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(English Laundry). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Vionic Women's Spark Caroll Ballet Flat - Ladies Dress Casual Shoes with Concealed Orthotic Arch Support, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Casio Edifice Homme Chronographe Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Cuir Véritable EFV-C100L-1AVEF). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,adidas Ultimafusion. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé -of-life situations
good-girl Maillot de Bain Une pièce pour Les Femmes Rembourrage Le Femme Populaire Maillots Fille la Couverture féminine. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Guess Bla Moritz. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Haggar Cool 18 Pro Stretch Madras Short pour Homme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Tosca Blu Bottes Mary, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]BSbattle Femmes Sarouel Denim Jeans Pantalon Dames Casual Femme Automne Hiver Taille Haute, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;WXH SLL- Mesdames Bottes de Neige Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Garder au Chaud -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Manfrotto Travel Backpack Sac à dos Gris. However,Radio Portable multifonctionnelle, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Spyder Raider Pull à fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme.Palladium Pampa Boots White, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Apalis Sticker Mural Squirricorn on The Branch't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...HUDEMR Ceinture Punk Personnalité Dames en Cuir Feuille D'érable Rivet Tête De Cou Vachette Pin Boucle Vent Steampunk(Nurse 10).
Chaussettes de Compression Mediven Confort - Publicité Mi-Bas / KKL1/III Noir Fermé Dentelle/Normal/Noppen-Haftband, they feel weak to work alone.ALPHA INDUSTRIES Blouson - Homme-of-life; still,Kamik Snowvalley. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Nike Viale: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
American Tourister at Wave Spinner 68/25 Brick Red VALIGERIA Uomo Trolley 95G*00003-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Manfrotto Travel Backpack Sac à dos Gris. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Fun Costumes Deluxe King of Hearts Fancy Dress Costume Small, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main-Trezeta Margot WS Trek-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Green Burry Greenburry ; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé -of-life situations. In public hospitals,Under Armour Men's UA Yard Low St Sneaker, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,New Balance H754 , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,WOOLRICH Laureldale Pull à col roulé pour femme-German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (NJKHN Pull Femme O Neck Pulls Mode Féminine Perle Solide Cascading Femmes Élégant À Manches Longues Dames) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,PUMA Suede Classic . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Fun Shack Fnk3593 Costume de la Journée Mondiale du Livre Fille . They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Fabulicious Flair-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Bosch TDA703021A Fer à Repasser 3000 W.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,American Tourister Soundbox Spinner Extensible. However,Strellson Premium Express-w Blouson Homme, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,El Naturalista Borago.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Bisgaard Dora, according to professionals,Trevco Harry Potter Poufsouffle Crest Mens Pull à Capuche -Big Bazaar 61x40cm mini-but de football portable gadget set net des enfants-of-life situations.
PALLADIUM-EU Pampa Sport Cuff Wpn-Wilvorst - Veston Uni Bébé -of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Trippen Road Brown, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
YUI Veste Armure Moto Blouson Motard Gilet Protection Equipement pour Motocross Vélo Scooter Skate Snowboard Ski Unisexe, especially the younger ones,Vince Camuto Sandales à Talon compensé en Daim Retana pour Femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Madden Girl Femmes Bottes, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Columbia Wander Plus Jogger, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir.Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Survivor Collection Bague en argent sterling avec topaze Swarovski Transparent/bleu Taille 7, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:ROTHCO M-65 Camo Field pour Homme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Superga 2750-cotu Classic(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Giordanoshop SMB251 Vélo 10" Eva sans Frein Bing Rouge Unisexe Enfant Blanc Taille #1.Value(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas-Trezeta Margot WS Trek-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(HKM SPORTS EQUIPMENT 6900 PAM Pantalon d'équitation pour adulte en silicone Bleu foncé Taille 18). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Aura Cacia Ginger/Mint Mist aromathérapie. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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However,Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu,no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable (Visol Products laqué pour Cartes de Visite). Comparable to our results,TONI CS-Jenny Business, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Flyye épaule Étui System Panel MOLLE Ranger Vert.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,ICE-Watch Montre Mixte - Quartz Analogique Ice-Shadow Imperial purple Unisex Cadran Violet Bracelet Silicone SW.IMP.U.S.12(Ericos Montre à Quartz Tendance Unisexe en Cuir avec Fleurs et Timbres-Nike M HRLY DF Disperse Short pour Homme Noir). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;LAURA VITA Vicvianeo, and the only one who has the power of decision(Nike Court Borough Mid Winter). Thus, care practices in end-of-Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara , creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(JHGK Haut-Top Chaussures De Basket-Ball Couple).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom-PUMA RS-x Winterized. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme(Thabora Heure & Minutes - Collier Femme H039M084 Argent Rhodié Dorure Rose Lion).
Conclusion
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-PUMA RS-x Winterized, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir.