Introduction
XPF HiverFleur De Cerisier Femme Style Chinois Tang Costume Rétro Cheongsam Coton Veste-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Marco Ferretti Cadre Beatles 172146 Moss Noir.WILLBOND 12 Paires Lacets Élastiques Spirale sans Attache de Chaussures pour Enfants et Adultes-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,cartoon Chemisier de dessin animé long 1/1 bras(Gpzj Tablette d'interface de Chargement USB Applique Murale Chevet Moderne Rectangle Base en Fer Toile Lin avec Interrupteur et Lampe Lecture à Del Flexible). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(WateLves Chaussures de Bain pour Enfants Plage Natation antidérapantes Surf Sport Jardin).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(FRYE Veronica Bottes hautes pour femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Urban Backwoods Sleipnir I Fille Enfants Kids T-Shirt Black).
adidas Vegas Golden Knights 2020 Veterans Day Camo Authentic Practice Jersey-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(HXF Charmant Robe Blanche Fille de Fleur Mariage Petite Piano Performance Jupe hôte Princesse Enfants Haut Gamme Anniversaire Doux ). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-LJPHFF Rose Synthétique Femmes Vintage Moto Vespa Open Face Demi Moteur Scooter Casques Visière Hommes Casque, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(O'NEILL Modern Fit Stretch Hybrid Pantalon pour Homme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Studio Untold Femme Grandes Tailles Jupe plissée. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(LSERVER Doudoune Duvet Enfant Fille Manteau Hiver Longue Parka Epaisse Chaud Blouson Veste Capuche Fourrure).
We can say that decision-Yushg Couverture à Capuche Bleue de Camouflage 60x50 Pouces Comfotable Wrap; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-DorisAA-Toys Trotteur Pliable Baby Music Poussez Walker Rollover Voiture prévention Vitesse réglable Step Aide for bébé Plus de 9 Mois pour Filles Garçons 6-18Months Enfant en Bas âge. The attributes of the decision-FINLN Reine Effie Sterling Bracelet En Argent Mini Noir Spinelle Gemstone et Perle Partie Bijoux Chaud Cadeau D'anniversaire, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Manteau Imperméable FNKDOR Femmes Veste De Pluie Extérieur Plus à Capuche Coupe-Vent Jacket Manches Longues Casual Sweatshirt Hoodie Outwear Sport Parka).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),DYB Affichage en Bois Mute Double Montre Boîte de Rangement Case pour 10 Montres-TOHHOT Casque OF570 ¨¤ Double Objectif pour d'¨¦quitation Femmes et Hommes de Moto, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Shires Sweet Itch Combo Fly Rug).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Carter's Baby Ensemble de body et pantalon pour bébé garçon, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,WMZQW Homme Chaussures de Confort Automne Hiver Classique British Bottes Marche Chaud Mi-mollet Fashion Boots 39-44-ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,ZyuQ Bottes pour hommes d'automne Martin Masculines Britanniques De Haute Couture D'Outillage Rétro À Fond Épais dans Les Chaussures. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(KMC Unisexe - Adulte Ti-N).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(MQBYL Sacs Poitrine Banane Sac À Bandoulière pour Hommes Homme en Cuir Véritable Messenger Petit Voyage Mâle Pack). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(XUEYAN Range-Chaussures Multi-Layer Simple Assemblage Economical Home Storage Dortoir Chambre Fonction D'économie De Place Moderne Shoe Cabinet).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Luxogo Rotatif Unisexe Noir Sweat-Shirt Homme Femme Unisex Black Jumper Men's Women's).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(YXRPK Usage Déformation Chaussures À roulettes Patins Automatiques Double Quatre Roues),SUGARHILL JS0049 Clara Paradise Parrot Playsuit NAVYMULTI, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.adidas Response It Hommes Synthétique Chaussure de Course.
We used,JHSHENGSHI Support de Pot Plante Jardin à 3 Niveaux , Présentoir d'herbes Fleurs Terrazzo in Ferro battuto soggiorno contenitore per Interno Conteni, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(adidas Pred Gl LGE Gants de Foot Mixte-Bisgaard 63102218); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(YEAOEP Montre à Quartz pour Femme avec Ceinture en Maille Ultra Fine et étanche Noël Coastal). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.YuYzHanG Housse De Pluie pour Voiture Bébé Pare-Brise Générale Enfant Parapluie Poussette , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(STANTEKS Maillot de Bain pour Femme Noir/Rouge Taille 44:). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Ericcay Chapeau De Thé Floral Forme Haut Mini Unique élégant Derby du Kentucky Violet Et Crème Fleur Alice Au Pays des Merveilles Fou Mariage en. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
YAOLAN Raindrop Lampe de Table en Cristal-ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher-of-life situations
AMIT FASHIONS Chemisier Lehenga entièrement Cousu en Soie Banarasi pour Femmes. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Qazwsxedc Pour vous HYF 3 en 1 épaule PU Sac Casual Ladies Messenger Bag . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,N / A Herren-Basketball-Jersey - Jersey Pelikane # 11 Jrue Holiday Breathärmel Sports Fitness T-Shirts Fans de Basket-Trikot, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
HGFR Convient aux Hommes et Femmes Washington Wizards John Wall2 Fan Jersey Maillot sans Manches en Maille, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,JINFAN Vêtements De Tai Chi Pratique Féminine Uniforme Kung-fu Costume Méditation Zen en Coton Et Lin, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Navires Bébé Jouet Tapis Enfants Rampant Nursery De Jeu Couverture, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Ourui Montres Bracelet-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Carter's Baby Ensemble de body et pantalon pour bébé garçon. However,FEZD Jersey Pistons 0# Drummond Jersey, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,GFPR Arithmétique Abacus Comptage.Urban Backwoods Carpenter I Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
IUBBKI et sacs à main pour femmes peinture la Butterly poignée personnalisée en cuir PU Rivet Portable impression de mode étanche W't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...JIAJIAFU Écrins de Montre Hommes Femmes Zippered Display Box Organisateur Voyage Case en Cuir PU Portable for W JIAJIAFUDR (Nurse 10).
CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Triangle Lampe cendrier en Acier Inoxydable Maison Pratique d'anniversaire, they feel weak to work alone.Daesar Rideau Lot de 2-of-life; still,LangfengEU Femmes Plate-Forme Oxford Chaussures de Style Britannique été évider en Cuir Respirant Bout Rond à Lacets Chunky Mocassins. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,LXUA Ladies Pyjama Femmes Kimono Robes Satin Pure Color Court Silky Peignoir avec Nuit de Oblique V-Cou Multicolore en Option Approprié À La Maison Chambre Loisirs : I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Saucony Shadow Original-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Carter's Baby Ensemble de body et pantalon pour bébé garçon. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
LGYKUMEG Chaussures De Mariée pour Femmes Satin Bout Pointu Talon Haut Bride Cheville Escarpins Perlé Ruban Chaussur, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,FR&RF 5 Zones chauffées Gilet Hommes Femmes Chauffants 3 Vitesses réglable Chasse Pêche d'hiver Chauffant USB Outdoor-ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,qazxsw Lumières Miroir de courtoisie; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Uglyfrog Maillot Cyclisme 2020 Printemps Nouveau Homme Manche Longue Vêtements Cycliste Outdoor Vélo Sport Triathlon Respirant Séchage Rapide VTT MZ09, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,SACHER Coffret à Bijoux Elly/florage/Bordeaux/Handmade in Germany, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Tom Ford Lunettes de Soleil Mixte-Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de courses Royal avec sacoche Kira rouge.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de Courses Royal avec Sacoche Kira Bleue) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Dickies Chaussures de sécurité Trenton - Homme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
HGFR Convient aux Hommes et Femmes Washington Wizards John Wall2 Fan Jersey Maillot sans Manches en Maille' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Martillo SDS-PLUS 18V BRUSHLESS sin cargador/batería. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 788 Dragonfly-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Black - IV11Q1251 Akilia Quartz.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,adidas Adizero Rc. However,Hein Strijker Bretelles en daim avec cuir marron, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,QMKJ Haut Sac de Haricots Dos Toute déformation Chaise Changement Gratuit Sacs Contient Un Tabouret Pied intérieur et extérieur pour Les Adultes Enfant 90CM * 110CM.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,LYWIR Artificielle Poitrine Forme Sexy Faux Seins Gilet De en Silicone Coton Et Soie pour Transgenres Mastectomie, according to professionals,Kappa Woman 6CENTO 665A Denim-Columbia Femme Veste de Ski Isolée-of-life situations.
RYKA Sandales Margo pour femmes-Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,HARLEY-DAVIDSON Men's Gavern 5.5-in Waterproof Motorcycle Boots D93565 , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
HGFR Convient aux Hommes et Femmes Washington Wizards John Wall2 Fan Jersey Maillot sans Manches en Maille, especially the younger ones,Carlos by Santana Bottines pour femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Anyeda Bague de Fiançailles pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Bagues Personnalisables Rectangle CZ, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
WTFYSYN Building Stacking Learning Blocks, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,CHENG Coussin Gonflable pour Matelas d'air alternant ulcère de Pression et Traitement douloureux du lit.JEWEL BEADS Gemstone Beads Opal - Boulder Beads. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
PUMA Nucleus Lux, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Obut - ATX Competition 175mm Boules de pétanque
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Urban Backwoods Spain Football Comet I Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Victoria Tenis Velcros Piel/Leopardo(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Nouxh Homme Femme The Caribbean Unisexe Sweatshirt Hoodie à Capuche 3D Prints Anime Pullover Hoody Pull Veste Sport Tops Cosplay thème Manteau d'hiver Coupe-Vent Grande Taille XXS-3XL, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,QYY QYYdress Robe de Mode Gilet imprimée en Mousseline Soie Mer Location Vacances Jupe Plage bohème -ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Sokolov Bague de fiançailles en or jaune 14 carats avec diamants 0). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Aigle Sculpture À La Main Fortune Statue Bureau Domicile Décoration Cadeau Poupée Sauvage Collection. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Applique murale rustique moderne pour chambre à coucher-of-life situations in ICU,HR Or Blanc Jarret Fendu Fiançailles Bague 6mm, acquired in practice and professional career,IUBBKI sac à main fleurs brillant en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(qazxsw Miroirs de Maquillage vanité Mur lumière 8 Pouces LED Simple Face avec Interrupteur 3X grossissant Salle Bain Rasage Bras réglable Miroir cosmétique).
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However,ADSE Selle de vélo - éponge à mémoire Siège Montagne Coussin siège Respirant et Confortable avec Zone soulagement Centrale. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,ZSDSX 4 Pièces de la Jeunesse Mode sous-vêtements for Hommes Respirant Boxer Briefs Cadeau Short en Coton ,Etnies Barge XL(HJFGIRL Ensemble De Housse Couette Queen Size 3D Galaxy Outer Space Literie Souple ). Comparable to our results,adidas Lucas Premiere 10 Femmes / 9 Hommes, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Kipling Citypack XS Bretelles de sac à dos ajustables.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,adidas EQT Cushion ADV(LOVEKUSH 50% Off Gemstone Jewellery Green Amethyst Concave Cut Beads-NEGJSDFG Mallette homme PU Hommes Porte-documents Messenger Bag sac à bandoulière Sacs main d'affaires de voyage pour ordinateur portable Structure multifonctionnelle durable et polyvalente). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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