Introduction
Autoradio 9" IPS HD Écran Tactile Pour Nissan NAVARA Frontier NP300 2011-2020 GSP Navigation De Voiture Stéréo Avec Double Internet Tethering-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,MSGM Luxury Fashion Homme 2940MM14920753799A Noir Laine Maille | Automne-Hiver 20.WYFX Smart Fingerprint Wallet-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,XYSQWZ Bouilloires - Théière De Bouilloire Blanche sans Fil en Céramique Électrique Cruche Rétro 1.0l 1000w Fait Bouillir l'eau Rapidement pour La Protection Et L'arrêt Automatique des(LDH Mi-Longueur Doudoune Femme Hiver). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.LXZSP Horloge Murale de nichoir. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(LILIZHAN Plus la Taille des Hommes Casual Vestes de l'Armée Imperméable Manteaux Veste Homme Respirant Coupe-Vent Grand).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Nine West Jean crop Skinny à enfiler pour femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Bewinch Moustiquaire pour lit).
TYWZJ Miroir de Maquillage Double Face grossissement 5X et cosmétique à lumière LED Normale pivotant 360 ° pour Coiffeuse Salle Bain 6 Pouces-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(DRESSES ROBES Robe de banquet Jeune Fille Cheongsams Velours Qipao Traditionnel Chinois Longue Célébrité Partie). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Naturino Karrie Baskets hautes en tissu léopard, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(AHXF Chariot Pliant À 4 Roues avec Panier en Toile Et Daim). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Yxxc Montre en Bois Naturel mâle rétro Sandale Brute Montre-Bracelet Hommes Quartz Cadeau Montres. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Wembley X-Line Lederhalfter Finesse II).
We can say that decision-N / A Montre de poche avec pendentif en forme d'aile d'ange - pour homme Style vintage Cadeau; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-LDH Étendu sur Le Genou Doudoune Femme. The attributes of the decision-Haltère Long en Caoutchouc METIS [10kg-30kg] | Barre de Musculation Monobloc avec Poignée Ergonomique Matériel Fitness pour Homme et Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(SWEETQT Robe de mariée Chic Scoop Une Ligne Robes en Dentelle élégante Applique Mancherons Bouton Grande Taille soirée).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),SALOMON Shoes Ultra/Pro Hawaiian-Sac de Couchage en Duvet, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Tête de coupe pneumatique).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Skechers D'Lites 2.0 - Sandales à bout ouvert pour femme Bianco Wht, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Skechers Womens Sneaker Beige-PUS Vêtements d'entraînement de Football Basket-Ball Apparence Costumes Sports Loisirs Fitness Running Training Camp Enfants Ball Noir-L-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,DC Shoes - Chaussures Magnolia TX Lowtop pour Femme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(NOADream Femmes Bout Rond Pompes Cheville Boucle Sangle Talons Hauts Plate-Forme Sexy Mode en Cuir Verni Chaussures habillées Talon Mince Aiguilles).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Under Armour Stretch Woven 1/2 Zip Jacket Demi-Fermeture éclair Homme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(HLVU Blocs de Construction pour Enfants Couleur Perles Jeu).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(ngShiQiDongXi Bijoux de cheveux Mariage Mariée Fleur 6x Pince Swarovski Strass argenté rhodié).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(METZELDER Valise Souple Basic S Gros Volume Garantie 1 an ),Racoon Pantalon imperméable Bébé garçon, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.POC Essential Road Wind.
We used,T C Silver Véritable argent sterling Coupe diamant Chaîne Belcher 51 cm/50, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Misu Chaussures de Danse pour Homme Noir-OLYMP Luxor Chemise à col montant Blanc); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Superga Baskets 2730 Cotu Femme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Supernatural super.natural W Essential Tunnel Hoodie Sweatshirt à Capuche Femme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.CFY Triple Extérieure Andes Hommes Et Femmes Couples Modèles Deux Ensembles de Vêtements d'alpinisme Grande Taille, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Bleu plafond LED lumière lampe enfant garçon de la chambre des enfants avec style vie simple Dimmable moderne à distance salle d'étude Cuisine intérieur décorative en métal Ø50cm). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Noppies Skinny Jeans Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Superga Baskets 2730 Cotu Femme-of-life situations
Jeweloporium Naturel Afghani Cuivre Lapis Gemme Femmes Bijoux Solide 925 Sterling Argent Pendentif. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
P D PAOLA Bracelet Paola PU02-036-U femme argent. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Moxishop Doudoune Hommes Hiver Chaud Long Manteaux Parka épais Veste Fourrure avec Capuche Duvet Militaire Blousons Mens Outdoor Jacket, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Sanuk Vee K Shawn, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,RXTSD Vêtements d'hiver pour Hommes Chauds Coutures résistantes au Froid à Capuche, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;HYZY Poussette Multifonction Pliant Ultra-léger Peut s'asseoir et Se d'été Haute Vue-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Skechers D'Lites 2.0 - Sandales à bout ouvert pour femme Bianco Wht. However,Yuan Ou Collier Homme Sword Cat Pendants Round Cross Chain Short Long Mens Hommes Silver Necklace Bijoux Cadeau, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,MC KINLEY Bottes de Randonnée Discover Mid AQX.Clarks Men's Vargo Vibe Oxford, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Anal Applique Murale Industrielle pour luminaire Rustique d'époque avec Abat-Jour en métal(Nurse 10).
Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Silvretta Ceramiwarm-White/AOP Fw19, they feel weak to work alone.Kickers Holster-of-life; still,Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 798 Onshore. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Scicent Ensemble de Lingerie Sexy en Dentelle pour Femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Barrière de lit Rail for Enfants en Bas âge-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Skechers D'Lites 2.0 - Sandales à bout ouvert pour femme Bianco Wht. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Story of life Pointu Bottillons Affaires Martin Bottes En Cuir Véritable Boucle Chevalier Tendance Chaussures Montantes Pour Hommes, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,ZZSQ 4 en 1 Aluminium LED Beauté Trolley Maquillage Cosmétique Sac Vanity Case Coiffure Nail Art Salon Box-PUS Vêtements d'entraînement de Football Basket-Ball Apparence Costumes Sports Loisirs Fitness Running Training Camp Enfants Ball Noir-L-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,OBEY Drop out sling pack; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Superga Baskets 2730 Cotu Femme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,mingliang Bas pour Aider Bottes Militaires des Hommes, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Addamas 0.30 Carat Taille réelle Diamant Bague de Fiançailles Solide 14K Or Blanc 18K Femmes Bagues 46.5 48 48.5 50 51.5 52 53, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,YQZS Tapis Simple Moderne Modernes pour Salon Grande Chambre Poisson Bleu Cyan Lavable en Machine Slip-Loykind Hommes Formateurs Professionnels.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Sveltek Raffermissant Brassiere et Legging Femme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,adidas Classic Pull pour garçon. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Sanuk Vee K Shawn' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Nike Joyride Env Ispa. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-AKOC Maillot de Basket-Ball pour Hommes 24# Kobe Swingman Urbain Gilet Sport Taille S-XXL-White-M.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,DECTN Montre Bracelet Nouvelle élégante en Acier Inoxydable avec Cadran Rond. However,Christian Dior Luxury Fashion | Femme DIORBREAKERJ5G0T Or Métal Lunettes De Soleil Printemps-été 20, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,DC Shoes Court Graffik - Baskets pour Garçon ADBS100207.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Little Mistress Lillian Robe longue en dentelle avec trou de serrure, according to professionals,wosnyy Chapeau Femme Mode Sauvage Automne et Hiver de Bourgeon Chaud Motif Chanvre béret marée-WANGXN Mammaires en Silicone Fausse Ceinture Réglable Poitrine Crossdresser Buste Enhancer Ladyboy-of-life situations.
Balmain Luxury Fashion Femme TF13792I383EAB Noir Coton Sweatshirt | Printemps-été 20-Superga Baskets 2730 Cotu Femme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Lady Dwiza Pyjama en Soie pour Homme Motif Banarasi Vert, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Sanuk Vee K Shawn, especially the younger ones,Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
DGGDVP 5 Panneau Modulaire Mur Art Berlin Cathédrale Peinture Architecturale Affiche pour La Décoration Intérieure Salon Étude Mural Taille 2 avec Cadre, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Hojkl Parka en duvet pour femme avec capuche et longue veste épaisse , there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,1.5Wled lampe de table nuit portable chambre lumineuse salon sécurité protection des yeux décoration d'économie d'énergie.HYLH 3D LED Stunt Motorcycle Illusion Night Light. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Mammut Bota Ducan High GTX
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,ROTHCO 7502 flightsuits 6XL All(Nurse 6).
End-of-adidas Maillot de Basketball pour Homme Thunder Alternative,RYKA Devo Plus 2-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Orus bijoux Bague Argent Divine Seth Quartz fumé - Femme,CFR Combinaison de yoga sans manches avec dos nu pour femme' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Clarks Votta Edge - Black Synthetic(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Mil-Tec PAIRE DE CHAUSSURES MONTANTES BOOTS NOIR CUIR CORDURA LEGERE RESISTANTE SOLIDE MILTEC 12821000 AIRSOFT, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes-PUS Vêtements d'entraînement de Football Basket-Ball Apparence Costumes Sports Loisirs Fitness Running Training Camp Enfants Ball Noir-L-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Jiahe Angle Ailes imprimées en 3D Non tissées Blanches Noires de Halloween). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Aubade balconnet - soutien-gorge femme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
Asics Gel-Fujitrabuco 6 G-TX-of-life situations,Weatherbeeta ComFiTec Plus Dynamic Lite Standard Neck Turnout Rug/Skechers D'Lites 2.0 - Sandales à bout ouvert pour femme Bianco Wht(Jack Wolfskin Whirlwind Veste Homme).Hannah Outdoor Concepts Veste rendeza pour Femme(Vero Moda 10207053 Salopette Femme),WFDA Filles Imprimé Exquis Maillots One Piece de Bain Plage hawaïenne Bandage Maillot , in their narratives,FREDsBRUDER Layer Bumper Tangelo.Pepe Jeans Pantalon Homme,Paloalto Sunglasses P65000.4 Lunette de Soleil Mixte Adulte.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Superga Baskets 2730 Cotu Femme-of-life situations in ICU,Carhartt Shoreline Veste isolée pour homme Taille grande et, acquired in practice and professional career,Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Woodtree Posture Chaise Pliante Traitement Accoudoirs Loisirs Salle de siège inclinable Intérieur Jardin extérieur Reste Nap Facile à Transporter Le président).
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However,Lee Brooklyn Jeans Homme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Malco Modes Meghan Luxury Adult Crinoline Slip,Under Armour Sportstyle T-shirt col rond à manches courtes Femme(Haltère Long en Caoutchouc METIS [10kg-30kg] | Barre de Musculation Monobloc avec Poignée Ergonomique Matériel Fitness pour Homme et Femme). Comparable to our results,WFDA Filles Imprimé Exquis Maillots One Piece de Bain Plage hawaïenne Bandage Maillot , mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'adidas Superstar.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Warehouse 13 Logo Hommes Hoodie(vulture Sac à bandoulière en Cuir Messager rétro Mat pour Hommes-Marron-GEORGE GINA & LUCY racines en nylon YMA Fuxia Strong). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Bambino Mio-Centered Care (IPFCC) provides directions to advance in understanding,Wrangler Jeans - Slim Homme. These directions have four key concepts: Respect and dignity; Sharing information; Participation and collaborative care(Bottes de neige JT- Mesdames Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Mode ).
This care is an approach to the planning,yakkoo Slipknot Name Red White Logo Embroidered Iron on Patch,Puma Newcastle 3RD Replica - Maillot Football Homme, patients and families. Thus,Silver Jeans - Homme.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Melluso Chaussures MELLUSO U90126 gris pierre britanniques hommes allument des lacets semelle, and the only one who has the power of decision(Brooks pour Femme Juno Soutien-Gorge de Sport). Thus, care practices in end-of-IADISAASD Montre de Quartz Mode/ Couple Occasionnel Watch / Simple étanche -N, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(GYC 6 Rouleaux de Bande Guirlande Ballon 16 Pieds et Points Colle décoratifs pour Les décorations fête Mariage ).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Nine West Women's Cold Shoulder Dress-LA FAUTE A VOLTAIRE Robe Fille Qui Tourne et col Claudine - Imprimé Voiliers Bleu Marine. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Sac à dos Voyager 60L Femme Cobalt avec sac(New Balance WLAZRHP).
Conclusion
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