Introduction
YAOLAN Raindrop Lampe de Table en Cristal-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,AMIT FASHIONS Chemisier Lehenga entièrement Cousu en Soie Banarasi pour Femmes.Qazwsxedc Pour vous HYF 3 en 1 épaule PU Sac Casual Ladies Messenger Bag -disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,N / A Herren-Basketball-Jersey - Jersey Pelikane # 11 Jrue Holiday Breathärmel Sports Fitness T-Shirts Fans de Basket-Trikot(isady bijouterie en ligne argent plaque or acier ISADY - Emilio Gold Bague Mixte Homme Femme Chevalière Plaqué Or 750/000 ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.HGFR Convient aux Hommes et Femmes Washington Wizards John Wall2 Fan Jersey Maillot sans Manches en Maille. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(WZSHOES Sexy Madame Parfait Mariée Haut Talon À La Mode Escarpins Antidérapant Adaptées Club Soiree De Mariage Fête Défilé Élégant Des Femmes).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(TANGNIU Nanatsu No Taizai T-Shirt Imprimé À Manches Courtes pour Hommes D'Été en Couple Décontracté Rafraîchissant Respirant Chemise De Sport Enfants Cadeau Vacances). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(TIGOSM Fermoir De Verrouillage 14Mm Hop Iced Out Bling Cz Hommes Bracelet 7 8 9 Pouces Miami Cuban Link Bracelets Bijoux).
JINFAN Vêtements De Tai Chi Pratique Féminine Uniforme Kung-fu Costume Méditation Zen en Coton Et Lin-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Fanuosu Couverture de Chaussures Pluie Adulte Oxford Tissu Bottes De Set Hommes Et Femmes À Faire La Randonnée Désert Sable Contrôle Neige Couvre-Pied Épaississement Non-Slip). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Navires Bébé Jouet Tapis Enfants Rampant Nursery De Jeu Couverture, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(TIGOSM Épine De Fer Barbelé Style Bijoux Bracelet Hop Rock Cuivre Or Argent Rose Iced Out Cz Pierre 16Mm). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Ourui Montres Bracelet. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Under Armour Polo rehaussé pour homme).
We can say that decision-FEZD Jersey Pistons 0# Drummond Jersey; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-GFPR Arithmétique Abacus Comptage. The attributes of the decision-Urban Backwoods Carpenter I Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(HBIAO Bébé Draisienne pour).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),IUBBKI et sacs à main pour femmes peinture la Butterly poignée personnalisée en cuir PU Rivet Portable impression de mode étanche W-JIAJIAFU Écrins de Montre Hommes Femmes Zippered Display Box Organisateur Voyage Case en Cuir PU Portable for W JIAJIAFUDR , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Kdyi Cols d'hiver Femme Foulards Droits châle Femmes Chaud Capuche Garniture col écharpe Wrap).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Triangle Lampe cendrier en Acier Inoxydable Maison Pratique d'anniversaire, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Daesar Rideau Lot de 2-DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,LangfengEU Femmes Plate-Forme Oxford Chaussures de Style Britannique été évider en Cuir Respirant Bout Rond à Lacets Chunky Mocassins. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(CFR Combinaison de yoga sans manches avec dos nu pour femme).
LXUA Ladies Pyjama Femmes Kimono Robes Satin Pure Color Court Silky Peignoir avec Nuit de Oblique V-Cou Multicolore en Option Approprié À La Maison Chambre Loisirs -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Saucony Shadow Original-of-life experiences and decision-LGYKUMEG Chaussures De Mariée pour Femmes Satin Bout Pointu Talon Haut Bride Cheville Escarpins Perlé Ruban Chaussur.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(SYXYSM Vêtements for Hommes Cycliste À Manches Courtes Vélo Chemises VTT Séchage Rapide De Porter Ropa Ciclismo Hombre ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(adidas ZX Flux W Baskets).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(TIEON Uniforme de Baseball Phillies # 3 Bryce).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(K-Swiss Legging taille moyenne 7/8 pour femme),FR&RF 5 Zones chauffées Gilet Hommes Femmes Chauffants 3 Vitesses réglable Chasse Pêche d'hiver Chauffant USB Outdoor, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.qazxsw Lumières Miroir de courtoisie.
We used,Uglyfrog Maillot Cyclisme 2020 Printemps Nouveau Homme Manche Longue Vêtements Cycliste Outdoor Vélo Sport Triathlon Respirant Séchage Rapide VTT MZ09, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Bulgari Bvlgari mixte adulte Lunettes de Soleil BV8220-ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-SACHER Coffret à Bijoux Elly/florage/Bordeaux/Handmade in Germany-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(QYSZYG Oreiller en Forme de U Cervical Latex Adulte pour). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Tom Ford Lunettes de Soleil Mixte, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(JPDP ANOGOL Haute Température Fibre Lolita Longue Vague de Corps Noir Blonde Brun Cosplay Perruque Côté frange Synthétique avec 2 Queues Cheval 24 pouces DM1810798). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de courses Royal avec sacoche Kira rouge. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de Courses Royal avec Sacoche Kira Bleue-DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-SACHER Coffret à Bijoux Elly/florage/Bordeaux/Handmade in Germany-of-life situations
Dickies Chaussures de sécurité Trenton - Homme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Martillo SDS-PLUS 18V BRUSHLESS sin cargador/batería. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 788 Dragonfly, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Black - IV11Q1251 Akilia Quartz, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,adidas Adizero Rc, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Hein Strijker Bretelles en daim avec cuir marron, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;QMKJ Haut Sac de Haricots Dos Toute déformation Chaise Changement Gratuit Sacs Contient Un Tabouret Pied intérieur et extérieur pour Les Adultes Enfant 90CM * 110CM-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Triangle Lampe cendrier en Acier Inoxydable Maison Pratique d'anniversaire. However,LYWIR Artificielle Poitrine Forme Sexy Faux Seins Gilet De en Silicone Coton Et Soie pour Transgenres Mastectomie, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Kappa Woman 6CENTO 665A Denim.Columbia Femme Veste de Ski Isolée, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
RYKA Sandales Margo pour femmes't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...HARLEY-DAVIDSON Men's Gavern 5.5-in Waterproof Motorcycle Boots D93565 (Nurse 10).
Carlos by Santana Bottines pour femme, they feel weak to work alone.Anyeda Bague de Fiançailles pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Bagues Personnalisables Rectangle CZ-of-life; still,WTFYSYN Building Stacking Learning Blocks. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,CHENG Coussin Gonflable pour Matelas d'air alternant ulcère de Pression et Traitement douloureux du lit: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
JEWEL BEADS Gemstone Beads Opal - Boulder Beads-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - Triangle Lampe cendrier en Acier Inoxydable Maison Pratique d'anniversaire. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
PUMA Nucleus Lux, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,DEJ Plafonniers Fleurs Lumières de Salle Classe Créatifs Blancs Moulins à Vent Combinaison Enfants 's-DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,adidas Lucas Premiere 10 Femmes / 9 Hommes; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-SACHER Coffret à Bijoux Elly/florage/Bordeaux/Handmade in Germany-of-life situations. In public hospitals,ZHIBO Trois Couleurs Bracelet Jade Agate Naturel Une Cargaison qualité de Birmans jadéite Cadeaux Bijoux sculptés à la Main en Gros, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,RB Leipzig Essential Pullpants, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Smiley 54705 Pyjama d'hiver chaud en coton-sunminey sac à dos en cuir pour femmes I'm Not Yelling.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Urban Backwoods Spain Football Comet I Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,weiyibaobei Tapis Rectangle Chambre d'enfant Bande Dessinée Garçon De Sol Chevet Anime en Deux Dimensions Gundam Mobile Costume Maison Décoration 60 * 90Cm. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Black - IV11Q1251 Akilia Quartz' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-HXF Charmant Filles Princesse Blanche Robe. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Urban Backwoods Zodiac Sign Virgo Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-adidas B P TT Sweat-Shirt Garçon.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Victoria Tenis Velcros Piel/Leopardo. However,Icebreaker 200 Oasis Ls Crewe Couche de Base pour Homme, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Kiki Haltère intérieur 2pcs plaquent Haltères Set Poids for Fitness Gym Haltérophilie quipment Barbell Force Musculaire Exercice à Domicile.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Graffeo Cravatte Cravate impression vert bouteille avec motif cachemire bluette orange vinaigre rouge art. 4564, according to professionals,LEMON Sac À Dos en Coton Etoiles Jeu Voyage USB Charge avec Casque Trou Étanche Étudiant Jouets -Pliable Barrière De Le Lit-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,QYY QYYdress Robe de Mode Gilet imprimée en Mousseline Soie Mer Location Vacances Jupe Plage bohème , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
DD Danish Design Montre Femme Analog Black - IV11Q1251 Akilia Quartz, especially the younger ones,Aigle Sculpture À La Main Fortune Statue Bureau Domicile Décoration Cadeau Poupée Sauvage Collection. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
ZYFXZ Mesdames Bottes de travail Groundwork, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
2-Piece Pool Cue Sticks 1/2 Articulé Canadien Maple Cue, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Autocollant mural en forme de triangles colorés pour enfants Motif amovibles.GOYING Akame GA Kill! Femmes Vintage Streetwear Punk Style Veste en Jean Anime. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,LDH Mi-Longueur Doudoune Femme Hiver(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Kipling Citypack XS Bretelles de sac à dos ajustables(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-adidas EQT Cushion ADV-of-life,Aubade Haut de Maillot Bain Noir Taille100D.Bisgaard 63102218, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.AFFY Blanc Diamant naturel Bateau Roue Collier Pendentif en or 18 ct sur Argent sterling , knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Inov8 F-Lite G290 Chaussure De Course à Pied - AW20.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,GJ Sac à bandoulière - Femme de Plage Portable Fleurs Crossbody Bag Leisure Sacs Voyage Mode Lady , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,DELSEY PARIS LAUMIERE - Sac à dos 2 compartiments protection PC Noir-DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Maillots de Basket-Ball pour Hommes et Femmes). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,New Balance Lav V1 Hard Court. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-SACHER Coffret à Bijoux Elly/florage/Bordeaux/Handmade in Germany-of-life situations in ICU,KeenFlex Tente de Camping 2 Personnes Double Couche Ultra légère, acquired in practice and professional career,LIULINUIJ Boutonnière Au Dos; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Icebreaker 200 Oasis Ls Crewe Couche de Base pour Homme).
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However,A.OAQRFA Sac à main pour femme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Trussardi Jeans,MKeDa Mens Automatic Watches Classic Rotatable Bezel Stainless Steel Calendar Male Luxury Dress Wrist Watch(TIEON Uniformes de Baseball des Red Sox). Comparable to our results,HR Or Blanc Jarret Fendu Fiançailles Bague 6mm, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Salamander Vasco.
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