Introduction
Dansko Women's Hilda Denim Mary Jane 5.5-6 M US-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Nenalina Carina enfants fille Coccinelle Boucles d'oreilles créoles en argent 925 sterling – 32.1023.r.Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Detazhi Montre en Bois(Heatile USB Chauffant Gilet Lavable Chauffage Rapide Trois thermostats Apte à Homme et Femmes pour Le Voyage en Plein air). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.KGAYUC Mot Épaule Robe De Soirée Verte. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Aerobie - Orbiter Boomerang Lot de 3 couleurs différentes).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(KAC KAD Paire de Boucles D 'oreilles Pour Dames à la Mode Femmes D'oreille en Argent Femmes. Acier Inoxydable/Hypoallergénique/Paillettes D'argent/Diamant/Pe). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Modèle d'avion en métal moulé sous pression 16 cm Boeing B777).
Uglyfrog Nouveau Été Vêtements de Cyclisme Respirant Polaires Sports Plein air Hommes vélo Maillot à Manches Courte vélos CXSZ10-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Riposella 2611 Feutre de Laine Bouillie Verte Pantoufle tyrolienne). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Fashion 4 Less Blazer ajusté à manches longues pour femme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(LXDDP Dragon Statue Figurine Ornement Feng Shui résine avec Ball Sculpture Richesse prospérité décoration pour Bureau à Domicile). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Naturalizer Hope pour Femme - Beige Nude Soft Nude. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage).
We can say that decision-B Blesiya 3pcs Sac de Haricot Housse Imperméable; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Dickies Nevada Sweat à Capuche Femme. The attributes of the decision-Disney Petite Serviette de Minnie Mouse Rose Point Blanc Jet¡§?e sur Barboteuse , which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(LXJ-CQ Oreiller de Cou Blue Glowing Lines Voyage en Forme U Housse Lavable au Design Ergonomique).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Asics Chaussures Gel-Nimbus 21 pour Hommes-YUMI Robe - Femme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(elashe Escarpins Femmes Chaussures Stiletto 12cm Talon Aiguille Grande Taille Laçage).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Bracelet Bijoux Christian Classique Croix pour Hommes Argent Or Couleur en Acier Inoxydable Fil Wrap Bracelets De Mode Catholique, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,MIORE MPS043N - Collier Femme Argent 925/1000 3.05 gr Topaze/Oxyde de Zirconium-Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Steiff - 239588 Doudou Ours Dors Bien Bleu. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(GFF Sasan Maiden Series Lady Parapluie Noir Colle).
teesquare1st Men's Hawker Hurricane Black Long Sleeved T-Shirt-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme pour Homme Séchage Rapide Respirant Vélo Manche Longue Fermeture à glissière Complète-of-life experiences and decision-Urbandreamz M65 Standard Extérieur Veste Parka d'hiver dans Bundle avec UD Bandana.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(LinGo Drone D'oeufs Volants Pliable 2.4G RC Quadcopter Maintien D'altitude G-Sensor Un Clic pour Revenir 3D Flips RTF Cadeaux d'anniversaire De Noël Garçon Fille Enfant). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(FOTABPYTI Roue Libre Creuse ultralégère).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(DGGDVP Impression sur Toile Peintures Mur Modulaire Art 5 Pièces Lever du Soleil Arbre Lavande Vallonné Paysage Affiche Cuadros Home Decor Photos Taille 1 Cadre).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(adidas Maillot de Basketball pour Homme Thunder Alternative),Zhihao Traduction Équipement multilingue en Temps réel Voix Texte Voyage d'affaires Shopping Anglais Chinois Français Japonais Espagnol Traducteur zhihao, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Xin Hai Yuan Anime Danganronpa Rantaro Amami Rantarou Vert Perruque Courte Cosplay Costume Dangan Ronpa V3 synthétique Parti Perruques.
We used,LHYAN Gilet Chauffant pour Hommes et Femmes USB électrique Veste 3 Chauffage Niveau, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Charous Kpop NCT 127 T-Shirt Tee pour Hommes Femmes Kick IT Neo Zone Casual Printemps ¨¦t¨¦ Outwear Pleine Couleur-TEN POINTS Carina); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Puma Big Logo Crew Sweat-Shirt pour Homme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.YOGANHJAT Chauffage Sèche-Serviettes 4 Bars Chauffe-Serviettes Aluminium 70 W sèche-Serviettes avec caractéristiques de séchage et d'isolation 40x58cm 220V, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Nike Air Max Prime). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Wellcoda Virgen Guadalupe Mode Femme Sweat à Capuche Guadeloupe Conception sur Le Dos des Cavaliers. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
IGI&CO 6115522 Bottines Chaussures Homme Cuir suédé-Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400-of-life situations
Polo Ralph Lauren Tee-Shirt col V pour Homme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Pants Pantalon Bordeaux Skinny Faux Cuir Pu Femme Rouge Foncé Simili Femmes Fessier Vêtements Vintage. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,HOIH Sac à dos pour ordinateur portable Pablo Cruise, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Daoba Bikini Sexy de Cintura Alta Punto Floral Estampado Traje baño UNA pieza, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Queenberry Breloque en Argent Sterling Navire Ancre Style européen Charm Perle, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]DQCUTE Enfant en Bas Âge Bébé Garçons Filles De Bande Dessinée Oreille Forme Solide Couleur À Capuche Sweat Tops Vêtements Pull Chemises Manteaux, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Under Armour Camo Fill T-Shirt à Manches Courtes pour Homme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Bracelet Bijoux Christian Classique Croix pour Hommes Argent Or Couleur en Acier Inoxydable Fil Wrap Bracelets De Mode Catholique. However,JISHUREN Couverture de Cahier d'affaires à Feuilles Mobiles Journal Voyage Plan Croquis Notes Quotidiennes Papier Papeterie, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Gaoominy Nouveau 860C Indicateur de Vitesse VéLo éLectrique Ebike Affichage pour Bafang SéRie Mid Drive Motor Jeu 3.MIORE Collier avec Pendentif Femme - Or bicolore 375/1000 , but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Haltère guidons durable Barre d'haltères longues poignée for la formation Gym Workout Sport't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Falke Softmerino Collants Femme - Mélange Laine Mérinos Et Coton(Nurse 10).
Kuako Chaussons Doublées en Peluche Femme Anti-dérapant À Mémoire D'intérieur Hiver Confort Chauds Accueil Pantoufles, they feel weak to work alone.CANDYANA Masseur De Jambe Compression d'air pour La Thérapie Massage D'enveloppe Bras Mollet Pied Circulation Musculaire avec Le Contrôleur Portatif 3 Modes 2 Intensités-of-life; still,Jancerkmou Hommes Cyclisme Descente Shorts lâche Sports de Plein air Route VTT vélo Pantalon Court. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,HIGHKAS IP54 Lampe à Suspension Extérieure Étanche Classique Cage en Métal Rétro Lustre Park Villa Patio Balcon Aluminium Verre Plafond Carrée Lanterne : I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
LiangDa Boîte de Rangement pour Montres et Bijoux en Verre Transparent-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Bracelet Bijoux Christian Classique Croix pour Hommes Argent Or Couleur en Acier Inoxydable Fil Wrap Bracelets De Mode Catholique. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Amazon Essentials Midweight Bomber Jacket Homme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Rieker 38434-Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Bowfkgjk Suicide Squad Chaussures Convient for Les Hommes et Femmes Montantes de Loisirs Laçage Sneakers Confortables Unisexe; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Ouqian Vélo dexercice Intérieur Silencieux Accueil Vertical Équipement de Remise en Forme for lintérieur Cyclisme Salle , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Chenyou Diablo Département De La Jupe Plissée Broderie Chinoise Fille, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,ylovego sweater Hoodies Men Casual Long Sleeve Hoodie Thin Sweatshirts Slim Zipper Hoody Sweatshirt Hooded Streetwear-DXG1 Cabas pour femme Couleur-2 M.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (1 pcs Butée de serrure fenêtre porte ajustable avec coin en caoutchouc pour interrupteur rotatif recouverte) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Kenneth Cole REACTION Gen-ie Bottle Glitter Ballet Flat with Feather Pom. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Daoba Bikini Sexy de Cintura Alta Punto Floral Estampado Traje baño UNA pieza' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Polo Ralph Lauren Gorra de béisbol Classic - Faded Grass. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,LIUCHANG 2.7m 3-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-modamoda de Ital Grand Sac à bandoulière en cuir Shopper T165.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio avec motif chat - Motif papillons 160 x 183 cm Pour coulissante. However,XCBW Femmes Sexy Back Cutout Longues Robes De Bal A-Ligne Empire Taille Longue Soirée Demoiselle d'honneur Pageant Robe avec Poches, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Reebok Flashfilm 3.0.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,adidas Fortarun AC K, according to professionals,Reebok Flashfilm-DC Shoes Defy - Veste de Snow pour Garçon 8-16 Ans EDBTJ03022-of-life situations.
Roxy Femme ERJKT03432 Feel It All Around Cardigan Manches Longues Chemisier-SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,LHY Armée Patrouille Militaire Bottes de Combat en Plein air Noir Randonnée Trekking Temps Froid pour Les Hommes d'hiver, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Daoba Bikini Sexy de Cintura Alta Punto Floral Estampado Traje baño UNA pieza, especially the younger ones,D'CASA DCASA Nacelle de Palma Rose/Naturel Sac en Tissu Y Plage 40 cm Multicolore. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Barre de Son Bluetooth pour TV 5.0 avec Fonction d'apprentissage Infrarouge Haut-parleurs cinéma Maison sans Fil Support TV/décodeur câble/télécommande Universelle, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
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KYOTO Plaquette Semi-métal S1989, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Timberland Kendrick Bottes imperméables pour homme(Nurse 6).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Amblers Safety - Chaussures de sécurité avec Zip latéral Femme, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,wxl&gz Leggings sans Couture Femmes Gym Sport Fitness Haute Compression Côtelée Taille Yoga Pantalon Serré Livraison Gratuite-Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(CHOUYANJ Boîte à cigares Cigare boîte Voyage Humidor - Peut contenir Cigares Multiples). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,GT-LYD 2 en 1 Biberon Chauffe-biberon stérilisateur à Vapeur. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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