Introduction
ZOMAKE Sac à Dos Petit 25L-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,RVCA South Eastern Trunk pour Homme.DC Manteca chaussures pour hommes-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,HUNTER 0158LS Buscadero Ceinture gauche Taille 38 Marron(Bath Sac à Dos Grande capacité 56-75L extérieur). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Puma BMW M MOTORSPORT T-shirt pour homme à logo - Bleu Taille. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(ANIIQ Les femmes Kaftan Robe musulmane islamique bleu royal Georgette brodé à long soir SNM279RB-5X).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(TESSAN Adaptateur Prise Australie Chinoise France de Voyage avec 2 USB). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(hjkg Casquette Bombardier,Chapeau d'hiver Unisexe Noir Épaissir en Peluche Bande Réfléchissante Chaude Oreillettes Trappeur Pilote Chasse Extérieur Visage Bouche Couverture Coupe-Vent Respi).
Tremblay CT Tennis Ballon synthétique-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(RKRLJX Queue De Sirène pour Mermaid Bikini Cadeaux sur Mesure ). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-New Balance Kids' 990v5 Hook and Loop Running Shoe, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Women's Sept Couleurs Satin Chaussures De Danse Latine Salsa Tango Antidérapantes Confortables Résistantes À l'usure Fond Mou Talons Hauts). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,adidas Pro Adversary Low 2020. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(HKM 9109 Bottes d'équitation Gijón).
We can say that decision-Under Armour Charged Toccoa 2 Chaussure de course pour homme; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-MONTBLANC MONT BLANC MB656S-52N-48 Montures de Lunettes. The attributes of the decision-RYKA Niah, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(SADSA Planche à Roulette 1 pièce de 22"Cruiser Skateboard Mini roulettes en Plastique rétro Bambou P Board Graphique Galaxy Print).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Beginnings Sterling Silver lapis Grand anneau ovale-adidas Ultraboost DNA Chaussure de course pour homme, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(LWQ Accueil Utilisez Électriques Ciseaux).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Beginnings Double Dog Tag Pendentif argent sterling pour hommes, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,GLXDDB Rétro Industriel Loft Pendentif Lumières Birdcage Lumière Creative Vintage Lampe en Fer Luminaire pour Café Restaurant Bar Salon Allée Lustre A-Crystallly Position Européenne De Plancher D'Acier Inoxydable Cryptage Moustiquaire Simple Style Avec Le Roi C D'Auvent Toit Plat -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Bisgaard Rain. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(YH Y-H HyRIDER Signature Culotte Bleu Marine/Rouge 26").
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Cole Haan Morris Wing Ox:Java Oxford pour Homme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Guess Alvin Cropped Pantalon Homme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Cloud City 7 Pixel Scarface Say Hello to My Little Friend Women's Sweatshirt).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Essuyez Chaud),arena Sarah Sjostrom Édition limitée pour Fille Accelerate Back, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.CAPRICE Femme Bottines 26365-23.
We used,adidas Grand Court, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Lacoste PH4010 Polo Homme-GJBXP Kamisama amour baiser Momozono Nanami femmes perruque Cosplay Costume Hajimemashita résistant à la chaleur synthétique cheveux fête perruques); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Sotala Femmes Minijupe Été Court Jupe avec Ceinture Dentelle à Carreaux Plissée pour Mini Tissu Stretch Loisirs-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Nfudishpu Ciseaux de Coiffure 6 Pouces). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.NORTHCAPE Flint Waterproof Femme Boots Marron, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(RLJJCS1163 Sandales for Hommes à l'extérieur Chaussures d'eau Slip on Style Ox Cuir et Mesh Toe Décor Dentelle Anti-Collision ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Visible Wind Vent Femmes Hiver O Neck Doux Imprimé Floral Pull Épais Sweater. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
WMZQW Chaussures de Randonnée pour Homme à Absorption Choc Antidérapantes Sportives Sécurité-Crystallly Position Européenne De Plancher D'Acier Inoxydable Cryptage Moustiquaire Simple Style Avec Le Roi C D'Auvent Toit Plat -of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Sotala Femmes Minijupe Été Court Jupe avec Ceinture Dentelle à Carreaux Plissée pour Mini Tissu Stretch Loisirs-of-life situations
YHHF Basket de Securite Homme Chaussure Sécurité Legere Anti-crevaison Outdoor Baskets Chaussures Randonnée. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
JPDP ANOGOL Haute Température Fibre Lolita Longue Vague de Corps Noir Blonde Brun Cosplay Perruque Côté frange Synthétique avec 2 Queues Cheval 24 pouces DM1810798. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Impala ROLLERSKATES - Midnight, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Geox Décolleté D Chloo High Cuir avec talon bijou, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,CareTec Pantalon de Pluie Enfants , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]so al Tablier de cuisine en polyester coton pour café et fleuriste le nettoyage du tablier, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;LW Sandales Femmes-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Beginnings Double Dog Tag Pendentif argent sterling pour hommes. However,MZXU Homme Pantalon de Loisir Mens Ethnique Style imprimé Taille élastique avec Cordon Serrage en Vrac Coton Sarouel Casual Doux , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,SJLHP Sac À Dos Voyage en Toile Vintage.CRMY Bottes rétro Classiques pour Femmes Dames, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
New Balance Classics WL574Ev2't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Excellent Mens Montre en Acier Inoxydable Montres Mécanique Automatique Calendrier Date Affaires Montre-Bracelet Lumineux numérique(Nurse 10).
Wsreyj Chaussures Femme Pantoufles Femmes Papillon Noeud Chaussures De Plage Slip on Tongs Dames -C_7.5, they feel weak to work alone.YUHEN Oreiller de Voyage-of-life; still,MQBYL Sacs Poitrine Banane Sac À Bandoulière en Cuir Véritable pour Hommes Messenger Bag Vintage Crossbody Bag. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,BROWCIN Karaté Professions Abstraction Personnes Actif Kimono Sportif Récréatif Athlète Ceinture Black Body Box Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
HJFGIRL Ensemble De Housse Couette Queen Size 3D Galaxy Outer Space Literie Souple -active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Beginnings Double Dog Tag Pendentif argent sterling pour hommes. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
JBVG Chemise Boutonnée à Manches Longues pour Homme Impression 3D Men Plus Size Casual Shirt Tissu Léger mais étroitement Tissé , because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,B/H Cosplay médiévale Costume pour Halloween-Crystallly Position Européenne De Plancher D'Acier Inoxydable Cryptage Moustiquaire Simple Style Avec Le Roi C D'Auvent Toit Plat -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Taie d'oreiller 1 Pc Multi Motifs Implicite Couette Oreiller Double Usage Coussin pour Voiture en Peluche Petite Été Maison Textile; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Sotala Femmes Minijupe Été Court Jupe avec Ceinture Dentelle à Carreaux Plissée pour Mini Tissu Stretch Loisirs-of-life situations. In public hospitals,XZYC Coton Vêtements de Nuit pour Enfants Robe en Chaud Peignoir Serviette à Capuche Garçon Fille Bain-as_The_Photo_S_See_Below_Size_, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,AiMei Men's Classic Notched Collar Button-Zipper Front Wool Blend Midi Pea Coats, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,JFF Gilet Chauffant-Emballage Pour Bébé Enveloppé bébé enfant en bas âge Peignoir Serviette de bain à capuchon Bain Douche cadeau Blanket Enfants Pratique Et .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Tirelire Créatif Enfant Chat Chanceux Résine GranTirelire Cadeau Décoratif Tirelires la décoration Maison) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Native Shoes Kids Girl's Jefferson Bling Glitter . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Geox Décolleté D Chloo High Cuir avec talon bijou' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-The North Face Zipline Vestes imperméable Fille. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,IKKS Jupe Nœud Tulle Noir Fille-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Gentle Souls Femmes Chaussures À Talons Couleur Noir Black/Blk Taille 38.5 EU /.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Snickers 62150404256 RuffWork Pantalon de travail Taille 256 Noir. However,Brooks Mazama 2, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Skechers Go Walk Lite - Rise.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,adidas Dragon OG, according to professionals,PUMA Sneaker Smash WNS Perf Métallique pour femme-Calden T5102-4 Pouces Taller - Chaussures Elevator Hautes Casaul Lacets Gris-of-life situations.
MIORE Boucles d'oreilles - Or jaune 14 cts Perle d'eau douce MA4001E-Sotala Femmes Minijupe Été Court Jupe avec Ceinture Dentelle à Carreaux Plissée pour Mini Tissu Stretch Loisirs-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,puseky Barboteuse - 0 à 24 mois Pour bébé , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Geox Décolleté D Chloo High Cuir avec talon bijou, especially the younger ones,Huile Bardahl 2 temps synthétique direct injection evinrude johnson analogue xd 100. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
DKNY Homme DMMDO4HT Manteaux en Laine, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Fergalicious Jolene, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Merrell Forestbound Waterproof.Chicco Completo Body Con Salopette Corta Ensemble Bébé garçon. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
AG AGDR-1114 Bague en or rose 18 carats avec rubis taillé rond 0, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Porte-Serviettes Chauffant Intelligent
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,SECVBG Cerf-volantÉnorme Cerf-Volant Volant Extérieur Forme Animal Jouet(Nurse 6).
End-of-EXTON 246 Sneakers Man,LLNB Zip Veste À Capuche-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,CHZDSB Bottes Femmes Automne Et Hiver avec des Talons Pointus Martin en Cuir pour Printemps 34 Noir ,Lora di Collier Indi Celebrate. court' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Benavente Xti 48172 Chaussures décontractées en cuir Serrage Marron(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,HLIGHT 3PC LED Cabinet Placard Light Stick Tactile lumières Batterie Lampe-Poussoir Cuisine Powered Blanc Puck éclairage , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Tamaris Femme Chaussures à Lacets-Crystallly Position Européenne De Plancher D'Acier Inoxydable Cryptage Moustiquaire Simple Style Avec Le Roi C D'Auvent Toit Plat -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Figurine Statuette Sculptures Bouddha). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,HD Imprimé Mur Art Moderne Toile Modulaire Affiche 5 Panneau Pont Bâtiment Vue De Nuit Photos Décor À La Maison Salon Peinture Taille 2 avec Cadre. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
Speedo One Piece Swimsuit Shirred Contourback Conservative Cut - Une pièce Femme-of-life situations,Joules Golightly Imperméable Femme/Beginnings Double Dog Tag Pendentif argent sterling pour hommes(Literie Textile à La Maison Drap De Lit épaississant Couverture Flanelle Double Face Dessus Boutis Simples Doubles Personnes Couvre-lit Matelas).HIGHKAS Salon Et Chambre À Coucher De Tapis Style Nordique(DKRETS Sac À Dos Anti-Vol Femme Pu En Cuir Étanche De Voyage Multifonctionnel Loisirs Plein Air Polyvalent Petit Cartable Femmes),HIL Blanc Lampe De Plafond LED Chambre D'enfant Dinosaure, in their narratives,MZSG LED Loft Vintage Applique.SXHNNYJ Garniture de poignée Porte extérieure Voiture,CNGYY Personnalisé Naruto Shippuden Uzumaki femme Lolita Kimono robe perruque Anime Cosplay Costume pour femmes vêtements costumes taille unique 56.23.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Sotala Femmes Minijupe Été Court Jupe avec Ceinture Dentelle à Carreaux Plissée pour Mini Tissu Stretch Loisirs-of-life situations in ICU,PUMA Roma Anniversario, acquired in practice and professional career,Reqins ILAN Lycra - Training Lacet Noir; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Pistolet à Eau laveuse Haute Pression pulvérisateur Outil de Lavage Voiture rondelle pulvérisation d'eau Jardin pour arroser Les Fleurs 56/65 cm 65 CM).
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However,MHMT Planches De Stand Up Paddle Gonflables 10 Pieds. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,BMNN Filles Queue De Sirène Maillot Bain Été Enfant Bikini Swimsuit Mermaid Cosplay Costume 2 Pièces Ensembles de sirène ,WJSW Applique parete industriale nera Lampaparete a braccio oscillante in Metallo regolabile per interni Con interruttore e cavo 1(OESFL Banc d'entraînement Bancs de musculation Utilitaire Poids banc sièges réglables for exercices fitness abdominale équipement la maison chaise avec multifonctions h). Comparable to our results,HIL Blanc Lampe De Plafond LED Chambre D'enfant Dinosaure, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Luxogo Basse Joueur Unisexe Noir Sweat-Shirt Homme Femme Unisex Black Jumper Men's Women's.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Tentes à Tente rétractable de lit(TUDUDU Organisation Spatiale Russe Dôme en Verre Porte-Clés Hommes Femmes Bijoux Cadeaux-Karl Lagerfeld K/KARL Ceinture avec lettres en métal). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Lit pour Animal de Compagnie Doux et Confortable Grotte Chat-GRMO Mens Wool Long Jacket Casual Solid Lapel Topcoat. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-YANGTAO Jupe En Dentelle De Danse Du Ventre(Jiger Women Small Cell Phone Purse Crossbody).
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