Introduction
HSAW Robe Plage Changement Été et l'automne séchage Rapide Peignoir Natation Adulte Serviette de Bain Mer Dressing Cap Surf Events -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,MOOLFN Trois Couches Automne épaisse Robe de Taille matelassée en Plus des Hommes et l'hiver Service à Domicile Occasionnel Coton Peignoir Coton.MOOLFN Robe Printemps et Automnes Hommes Longues en Coton Peignoir Manches Plus Size Hat Pyjamas-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,KYWBD Ensemble Lingerie Sexy(Onistuka Tiger Mexico 66). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Giro Monaco II Gel Gants de Cyclisme. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(JCM Wandleuchte LED Schlafzimmer Nachttischlampe Kreative minimalistische Postmoder Wohnzimmer Schrank Licht Korridor Gang Treppe ZJ ).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(FUTIIF Sac À Bandoulière En Cuir Pu Lady Main Pour Femme Sous Les Bras 28X7X16Cm). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Fuliya Men's Hoodies Sweatshirts).
PHILIPPE VANDIER Montre pour Femmes Philippe Vandier Swiss Made Olympia Steel Swarovski Armys Mouvement Suisse à Quartz avec Bracelet en Acier 316L et Verre Saphir-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Death by Zero Homme Designer Tank Top Shirt - Ibiza). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Oceansouth Leger Alliage des échelles, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(TBBDPT Hip Hop Iced Out Bling Bijoux Bracelet Or Couleur Micro Pave CZ Bracelets en Pierre 10mm Largeur pour Hommes Femmes). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Knirps TS.200 Slim Medium Duomatic Audrey Pumpkin. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Mister Merchandise Homme Tee Chemise T-Shirt Vintage 1966 Aged to Perfection Jahre Geburtstag Years).
We can say that decision-Charm Teddy Chaussette de Noël; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Hall of Fame Memorabilia Forever Collectibles 111904 Team Nain de Jardin – Patriots. The attributes of the decision-Esprit Pepe T-Strap, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(XUEXIU d'affaires Souliers Simple d'homme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),ejendals Ejendals 3780-43 Jalas 3780 Foods S2 SRB HRO CI Bottes d'hiver Taille 43-NYDZDM - Porte de sécurité pour bébé Parc d'escalier Clôture séparatrice pièce Blanc, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Cheval à bascule Enfants en Plastique Bébé de Troie Year Old Cadeau Jouet Bleu Rocking Chair Xuan - Worth Having).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,YAS Yasemira Loose Lace Top Blouse Femme-Café Noir Cafè FHA923273400 Taupe 40-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,AWYJ Womens Yoga Soutien-Gorge Sport Mesh Splicing Double Face en Nylon Courir Fitness Retour antichocs Multicolor Option Gym Course . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(MPOQZI Coussin de Protection en Cuir Couverture d'accoudoir Console Voiture).
Vans Asher V-Velcro-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.PUMA City Snow Boot S Wn's-of-life experiences and decision-ZAMi Foulard en Soie brodée Haut de Gamme et à Double Usage châle Automne Hiver.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(42Cm Poupée Modèle Réaliste Infantile Complet du Corps en Silicone Lavable Reborn Bébé pour Cadeau Mignon Accompagner Jouet Enfants Fille De Noël). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(MO JOC Richelieu Femme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Macron Home Jersey White/Red 19/20 Red Star Belgrade).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Clavie Boucles d'Oreilles Pendantes Or Jaune 750 Émeraude VVS1 0.73ct Vert Goutte Cadeau Femme),Cole Haan HaanTucker Venetian - Tucker Vénitien Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.QWERTYU LIJIANME Femmes/Hommes Montres Intelligent Moniteur de fréquence Cardiaque Fitness Tracker Bracelet Pression Artérielle .
We used,Clic-products Lunettes Clic Classic®, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(HANHJ Tai Chi Uniformes Shaolin Kung Fu Vêtements Taekwondo Martiaux Unisexe Toile De Lin Ensemble Confortable Et Respirant Chinois Style-marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Liberty Mountain Sac Throw Boater 70 pieds-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(CXKWZ Balle De Boxe Poire Forme PU Vitesse Pivotante Sac Frappe Poinçonneuse Punch Entraînement Fitness Ballon Gym Exercice Agilité). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Corsair Vengeance RGB PRO - Kit de Mémorie Enthousiaste , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Désigual Skirt Short Gina Woman White Jupe Femme). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Brax Pantalon - Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
U.S. POLO ASSN. US Polo Assn. classique pour homme avec grand logo-Café Noir Cafè FHA923273400 Taupe 40-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Liberty Mountain Sac Throw Boater 70 pieds-of-life situations
Nike Air Max Prime. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
steve madden Sandales pour Femme Argent 38 EU. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Skechers USA Men's Caswell Aleno Oxford, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
WANGCY Base de Cheveux en Soie pour Femmes Facile à Porter éclaircir Les 9x14cm, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Bogner Serfaus Zaha Shopper Xlho, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Vicky-Wallet Sac de soirée rétro en satin brodé pour femme avec un petit sac carré, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;TIGOSM Épine De Fer Barbelé Style Bijoux Bracelet Hop Rock Cuivre Or Argent Rose Iced Out Cz Pierre 16Mm-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4. However,BROWCIN Carpes japonaises Koi Family Original Oriental Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,MKXF Chaussures Bottes de genou pour femmes.Bronx linkk-up Femme 66345, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
HYLH Sacs à Dos pour Ordinateur Portable étudiant Grande capacité Anti-vol Sac de Planche roulettes Adolescents't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Mephisto Mobils by Kenneth Chaussure pour Homme - Wide FIT Marron Noisette(Nurse 10).
Gyubay Chest Wader Nylon Waders Pêche for Les Hommes avec Bottes Utilisation Fly Fishing Multiple étanche Tailles Disponibles pour la pêche et Le Travail Maritime, they feel weak to work alone.FRYE Melissa Deco Chelsea-of-life; still,GFPR Jeu pour Le calcul mathématique - Arithmétique Abacus Comptage Jouet Eacute ducatif Outils d'apprentissage Abaque 34.5 * 14.2 2cm. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Under Armour Youth Charged Cotton 2.0 Crew Chaussettes 6 paires: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Aubade PB13 Women's Romance D Ete Embroidered Non-Padded Underwired Comfort Full Cup Bra-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
BLAK TEE Homme Cold Blooded Basketball Winner V-Neck T-Shirt, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,TD Porte-bébés ventraux Porte-bébé Ergonomique Tabouret À La Taille Sangle Voyage Quatre Saisons Multifonction -Café Noir Cafè FHA923273400 Taupe 40-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Ysting&CO Ysting Chapeau Haut en Laine; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Liberty Mountain Sac Throw Boater 70 pieds-of-life situations. In public hospitals,GFF Sasan Maiden Series Lady Parapluie Noir Colle, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,IUBBKI Pixel Animal en cuir Rivets sac à main dame fourre-tout bandoulière pour femme fille, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,ZMMWDE Redresseur de régulateur -WLD Floor Mat Seat Cushion Transparent Pvc Table Indoor Hard Anti-Skid Waterproof and Oil-Proof Clear Pad.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Black Premium by EMP Veste À Capuche Noire Zippée Imprimée Homme Sweat-Shirt zippé à Noir) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,lepni.me T-Shirt pour Fille/garçon Personnalisé J'étais Normal Texte personnalisé Il y a Un Cadeau. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
WANGCY Base de Cheveux en Soie pour Femmes Facile à Porter éclaircir Les 9x14cm' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-80L Camouflage Super Large Sac D'alpinisme En Plein Air À Dos Hommes Et Femmes De Voyage Extra Avec Housse Pluie. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Spank Sike Race 2.0 Potence VTT/E-Bike Mixte-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-QULONG Vélo pour Enfants Antichoc 14.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Bamex Chariot De Course Seattle Noir. However,Van Dal Sansom, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,WÜRTH MODYF Softshell de Travail Hydra Grise.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Under Armour Unde rarmour Favorite Shelf Bra Cami – Black, according to professionals,Désigual Skirt Short Gina Woman White Jupe Femme-Rockport Men's Eberdon Black 11 W -of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Wembley X-Line Lederhalfter Finesse II, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
WANGCY Base de Cheveux en Soie pour Femmes Facile à Porter éclaircir Les 9x14cm, especially the younger ones,Nike WMNS NKE Free 5.0 TR Fit 5 PRT Chaussures de Gymnastique Femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
HP LaserJet M 9050 MFP , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Nike Benassi JDI, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,7 A.M. Enfant Barcelona Diaper Bag.Merino Kids Long-Sleeve Pyjama Set. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
JUNGHANS 014/4062 - Montre Homme Quartz Analogique Solaire Bracelet Cuir Noir, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:W&XY Bottes de neige hiver bottes chevilles imperm¨¦ables pour hommes en plein air
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Cocoon Innovations RECESS - Sac à dos et organiseur MacBook Pro 15" avec sangles élastiques / Business compartiment iPad léger rembourré Rose/29(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,NCUIXZH Garniture de Couverture d'accoudoir Porte intérieure Voiture en Cuir , pour Peugeot 308 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2020(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,"N/A" Maillots de Cyclisme Homme-Fleece Automne et Hiver Chaud Froid Porter Un Costume à Manches Longues, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Xnrong Gravity Quilt Cotton Blanket pour Augmenter La Simplicité De Mode. Traitement Pression du Sommeil Gris À L'européenne Personnes l'aise Et en Sécurité-Café Noir Cafè FHA923273400 Taupe 40-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(KYEYGWO Collier Fait Main avec Pendentif en Pierre Naturelle Corde Agate 64 cm pour Homme). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,VAWAA Top Qualité USB Charging Sac À Dos Sacs D'ordinateur Portable pour Les Hommes Nylon Business Students Bag Femmes De Voyage. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Liberty Mountain Sac Throw Boater 70 pieds-of-life situations in ICU,casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal, acquired in practice and professional career,PREMIUM MOOD DENIM SUPERIOR 0214AD Pantalone Tuta Uomo Black Sweatpant Man; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(CJMDEH Changement Peignoir De Bain,Serviette À Langer Poncho Robe Avec Dessin Animé Animal Capuche Drôle Mignon Alpaga Combinaison Bain Changeante Pour Hommes Femmes Surf Piscine Ser).
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However,NYDJ Barbara Bootcut Jeans Femme. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Black Temptation Sweat à Capuche de Sport Sweat-Shirt décontracté pour Hommes [Fire],WENQU Mode Oxford Confortables for Les Hommes fumée Mocassins Slip on Motif Canvas Bas Bloc Brocart Bout Pointu Talon Broderie Anti-dérapant (Generies Moustiquaire d'extérieur pour camping avec hamac en nylon ultra-léger Double Air Camp Tente 260 x 140 cm Camping Voyage Randonnée Vert). Comparable to our results,MSQL Tuyau de Chicha en Acrylique Multicolore à Double Roue narguilé avec télécommande LED, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,SDJJ Sac à dos vintage en cuir pour femme Motif floral(DuDu Portefeuille pour Femme coloré en Cuir Souple de Vachette signé DUDU Mangrove-Nicoole Hommes 3D Anime Hoodies Dragon Ball Z Poche Sweats À Capuche Mâles Imprimer Garçons Pulls Survêtements). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Sylvie Flirty Swimwear Britta Monokini Femme-JLFZC Chaussures formelles. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Vince Camuto Leera(Marrocu Gioielli Bague en Argent Avec une Bande Bombée Structure Nid d'Abeille).
Conclusion
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Natori Women's Power Yogi Contour Convertible Sport Bra, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Orca Bags SAC D'EPAULE ORCA OR-4, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-JLFZC Chaussures formelles, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,WCY Chaussures automatiques Machine de Nettoyage.