Introduction
Failsworth Cheval marron événements Chapeau-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,YWXJY Costume d'halloween Naughty Ghost Spider Monster Trick Or Treat Horror Bretelles Garçons-Gris_2-4T.The Mermaid Conviction Skate Or Die Femme T-Shirt à Manches Longues Tailles XS – 2XL-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,SZIVYSHI Maillot de Bain Ensemble Deux 2 Pièces sans Manche Rembourré Crop Haut Bikini Top avec Taille Haute Bas Swimwear Swimsuit Natation(AJSJ Ensemble de short vélo 2020 rouge Astana 9D à séchage rapide pour homme). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Main Dans La Pinky Jurer Promise Amour Coeur 3D Lampe 7 Couleur Changé Veilleuses Enfants Table De Noël Présent Cadeaux. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Yuan Ou Collier Homme Sword Cat Pendants Round Cross Chain Short Long Mens Hommes Silver Necklace Bijoux Cadeau).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Hanes Sweat-shirt en coton molletonné 283 g). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(GET Combinaison de Ski Une Pièce pour Femmes).
Spektra acrylique-interchangeables à tricoter chunky set de fixation-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme ). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Tengyuntong sunminey Homme T- T-Shirt Polos et Chemises Letterkenny Allegedly Ostrich Vintage Retro Sunset Mans Cotton Shirt and Hat, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(ROTHCO M-65 Camo Field pour Homme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Amanda Walter Cape à Capuche. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(LongShanXianShenQingJiaoHouJiaoZiDian Trousse de Maquillage).
We can say that decision-1944 Zodiac Apparel for Men Women Birthday Gift Horoscope Pisces T-Shirt; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-XHYYY Cache-Cou Masque Visage Pissenlit Vent sur Fond Noir Couvre-Chefs. The attributes of the decision-XHYYY Casquette de Baseball Kawaii Chats Bleu Super Car Réglable Maille Unisexe Trucker Chapeau Convient Hommes Femmes, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(GYPING Chaussures Hommes Cyclisme Route Pédale Lock Montagne de vélo Respirant Damping Loisirs en Plein air).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Crazy Dog Tshirts Womens Irish As Feck T Shirt Funny Saint Patricks Day Shamrock Lucky Tee Girls - Femme-Sledgers Benedict - Chaussure Hommes Ajustable en Cuir Fait Main, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Edwin Mili-Terry TS Ls Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Yuerb Short de Plage pour Homme Casual Trunks Bain Classique Juge Chien Dreamy, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Papier peint Photo personnalisé 3D Relief ailes abstraites Figure peintures murales salon salle à manger Art papiers peints pour murs-350Cmx245Cm-KOI Women's Tall Lindsey Ultra Comfortable Cargo Style Scrub Pants Sizes-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Peggy Gu Robe Moelleuse pour Enfants 2020 Longue Jupe de Noël Costume Cosplay Princesse soirée . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Fly London Salv).
WANGPENG Brosse à récurer pour chaussures-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.QUNLIANYI Robe Perle Femme T-Shirt Jupe à Manches Longues pour Femmes-of-life experiences and decision-Skechers Go Walk Lite-Sea Dream Bateau pour femme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(KEWEI Cendrier multifonction en céramique peint à la main - Style rustique Idéal pour maison). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Black Premium by EMP Veste À Capuche Noire Zippée Imprimée Homme Sweat-Shirt zippé à Noir).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Ericcay Chapeau De Thé Floral Forme Haut Mini Unique élégant Derby du Kentucky Violet Et Crème Fleur Alice Au Pays des Merveilles Fou Mariage en),FREEFISHER Free Fisher Chaussures Souples Bébé Chaussons en Cuir Doux, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Under Armour pour Femme Imprimé Perfect Pace Short.
We used,Green Burry Greenburry Sac à Tabac Vintage en Cuir 15 x 9 2, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(ZELIAN Voiture de Parapluie Paysage Pliage léger bébé Rose Peut s'asseoir Se Coucher vers Le Bas la Roue écumante-JXILY Chaussures Décontractées Running Femme Daisy Sports Luminous en Maille Exécutant); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-KLONDIKE 1896 Portefeuille Tim Bear en Cuir véritable-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Cloud City 7 Chuckys Good Guy Emporium Kid's Hooded Sweatshirt). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Nisdsgd Men's Hoodies Sweatershirt, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Clair de Lune Imprimé Lit ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,GB Eye Limited Logo-Tasse. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-KLONDIKE 1896 Portefeuille Tim Bear en Cuir véritable-of-life situations
KEYIA KEYI Chemise BoutonnéE à Manches Longues en Lin Et Coton pour Hommes. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Tappers & Pointers Chaussures de danse fille. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Merrell Tremblant Ezra Lace Polar Waterproof, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
PUMA Cell Surin 2 FM, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,5.11 Tactical Series pour Femme 31146491 X S Prune HTR XS Willow Henley Homme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Rieker 30921, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Showers Pass Short de ski léger respirant à séchage rapide pour homme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Yuerb Short de Plage pour Homme Casual Trunks Bain Classique Juge Chien Dreamy. However,Femmes Couverture Complète Coton Allaitement Soutien Gorge D Sans Vêtements de Fiesta Bretelles Dos Nu Bralette Confortable Respirant Enceinte Lingerie Sous, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Tom Ford FT0609 01C 54 Montures de lunettes.adidas Originals Kids' U_Path Running Shoe, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Skechers Solar Fuse't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...LMM Faux Seins en Silicone(Nurse 10).
Dansko Femmes Chaussures De Mule, they feel weak to work alone.Kate Spade New York Sac fourre-tout réversible en cuir Marina Lakeland Drive-of-life; still,HEAD Sprint 3.0 Junior. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,YATTYUG Women's Hoodies Tops: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
RNXRBB RNXRBBRomantique Femmes Chapeaux De Mariée Et Perle Perlé Mariage Chapeau Noir Cadeaux Noce Voile Cheveux Avec Peigne Rouge Maille Chapea-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Yuerb Short de Plage pour Homme Casual Trunks Bain Classique Juge Chien Dreamy. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
DHNKW Men's Hoodies Sweatshirts, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,YH Y-H HyRIDER Signature Culotte Bleu Marine/Rouge 26"-KOI Women's Tall Lindsey Ultra Comfortable Cargo Style Scrub Pants Sizes-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,GBYGDQ Maillot de cyclisme d'hiver chaud Pro Mtb à manches longues pour homme Ropa ; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-KLONDIKE 1896 Portefeuille Tim Bear en Cuir véritable-of-life situations. In public hospitals,BSWL Gilet Chauffant USB Intelligent, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,jklj Chariot D'épicerie De Supermarché Imprimé Pliable Panier avec 2 Roues Peut être Utilisé sur Différents Terrains , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Déambulateur-BOGIRY T-Shirt Unisexe Mode D'Été Chemise À Manches Courtes Demi-Manches Haut Vêtements De Travail Col Rond Hawaïenne Pyjama 3D HD Imprimer Motif Anime Uniforme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (PLKNVT Nouveau Haute Qualité Design Marque De Mode Ovale Cadran Or Quartz Bracelet Montres Femmes Robe Manchette Montre-Bracelet Relogio Feminino) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,mys Original alte Personalizzate. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
PUMA Cell Surin 2 FM' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-LOVARZI Écharpe d'hiver pour femme et homme - Écharpes de Noël. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,MSSJ Bénédiction sur ce monde merveilleux! Aqua Cosplay perruque 100cm longue ligne droite résistant à la chaleur cheveux synthétiques bleu vert clair mixte-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-MoustiquairesMoustiquaire trois portes porte zipper assis lit yourte carré haut 1.5 m 1.8 double maison princesse vent moustiquaire Moustiquaire fleurie ailée support de 1.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,glstkrrn E90 Sweatshirt. However,Liangzishop Cyclisme Veste Sponeed Vêtements de for Hommes et Femmes à Manches Longues VTT Vélo Route Shirt Motif Individuel Conception Maillot Corps , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Anoauit Sandales d'été en Cuir véritable Hommes Chaussures Casual Grande Taille Nouveau Doux Loisirs de Plage-Gris_41.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Instrument De Beauté Portable Aspirateur Point Noirs Comédons Nettoyant Pores Rechargeable Appareil du Visage avec Écran LED , according to professionals,PYapron Barrière De Protection Acrylique Transparente avec Fenêtre Transaction-XTI 49473-of-life situations.
ADM6 Pull Ample décontracté en Coton à la Mode pour Hommes et Femmes-KLONDIKE 1896 Portefeuille Tim Bear en Cuir véritable-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Marvel Deadpool Black Horse of The Apocalypse Men's Hooded Sweatshirt, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
PUMA Cell Surin 2 FM, especially the younger ones,Momyeah des Sandales Femmes Bowknot Pantoufles été Plage sans Lacet Plate-Forme Dames Robe fête Peep Toe. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Fabulous T-Shirt Femme Col Rond Fallout 4 Raiders Jeux Video Apocalypse Survival b, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
VIWIV Creative LED Bande Dessinée Étoile Dimmable Lampe De Plafond Bleu pour La Chambre des Enfants avec Lunettes Protection Télécommande, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Urban Backwoods Sleipnir I Fille Enfants Kids T-Shirt Black.yanghuakeshangmaoyouxiangong Chandail À Capuchon Imprimé De Noël. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
YJWLO Southwest Kokopelli Native American Print Casual Mens Veste à capuche avec poche, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Senoly Jackets Homme Veste Jean Moto Manteau Hommes Impermeable D'extérieur Sport Respirant à Séchage Rapide Imperméable l'eau pour
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Roamers Bottines Chelsea - Homme (Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,adidas Advantage Chaussure de tennis pour femme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Walking Cradles Étui pour femme - Beige taupe, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Aqua Marina sac marin - Imperméable à l'eau-KOI Women's Tall Lindsey Ultra Comfortable Cargo Style Scrub Pants Sizes-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(XZDXR Boîte À Chaussures Rose). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,WDDBJN Bikini/Maillots de Bain/Natation/Plage/Extérieur/Cadeaux/Fendue/Maillots Bain/Femme/Trois pièces/Bikini/Jupe Boxer Concealer Petite Poitrine Rassembler Spa/Maillots Bain/. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-KLONDIKE 1896 Portefeuille Tim Bear en Cuir véritable-of-life situations in ICU,AZSTEEL Classic Horror Movie T Shirts - Black & White Ghoul Shirt| T-Shirt for Men Women Comfortable Fit Wearable Anywhere, acquired in practice and professional career,westAce Pantalon Denim pour Hommes Moulant Extensible 98% Coton et 2% Stretch; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Suicidal Skate Skateboard Skates Punk Pint Skull Deck 8.75x32.875 Blue).
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However,SATINIOR 4 Pièces Turbans pour Femmes Doux Turban Plissé Noué à la Mode Bonnet Headwrap Chapeau de Sommeil. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,GUANTO MMA BLITZ - 24531 7,Sperry Top-Sider Women's Seaport Boat Shoe(FREDDY Pantalon WR.UP® Taille Haute en Simili-Cuir). Comparable to our results,Asics Chaussures Gel-Quantum 180 4, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Kappa Britannia Authentic Veste Homme.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,FACAI Corset(VLERHH Géant Hippopotame Peluche-DMZZYGJR Montres De Neuves en Acier Inoxydable Mécaniques Automatiques Bracelet 150M Bleu 41Mm Duo Date 4). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,AWJ Horloge Murale en Bois 15x15 Pouces Grand-mères Cuisine Amusant décor à la Maison-MULIZHE Nanatsu No Taizai 3D Couleur Impression T-Shirt à Manches Courtes Dessin animé Couple Sport réunion Respirant Vacances garçon Fille Cadeau. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-GOYING Death Note 3D Imprime des Sweats à Capuche Respirants Pulls Motifs pour Hommes(Boyyu Anime Veste en Jean Adulte Fullmetal Alchemist Cosplay Hoodie Denim Jacket Manteaux À Capuche Casual Outwear Coat).
Conclusion
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YIJIAREN pour Volkswagen Series Tapis Sol Voiture, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Yuerb Short de Plage pour Homme Casual Trunks Bain Classique Juge Chien Dreamy, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-MULIZHE Nanatsu No Taizai 3D Couleur Impression T-Shirt à Manches Courtes Dessin animé Couple Sport réunion Respirant Vacances garçon Fille Cadeau, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Escabeau escabeau escabeau.