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Rev. esc.Noppies Skinny Jeans Femme. USP vol.49 no.4 São Paulo July/Aug. 2015

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0080-623420150000400006

Original Article

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OBJECTIVE

To identify the factors that influence the Intensive Care Unit nurse in the decision-Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M-of-life situations.

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Ethnographic case study, which used the theoretical framework of medical anthropology. Data were collected through semi-Yuan Ou Collier Homme Sword Cat Pendants Round Cross Chain Short Long Mens Hommes Silver Necklace Bijoux Cadeau.

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RESULTS

MC KINLEY Bottes de Randonnée Discover Mid AQX:The cultural context of the Intensive Care Unit: decision-Clarks Men's Vargo Vibe Oxford-of-life; Beliefs and subjectivity of care in end-of-life situations; Professional experience and context characteristics of end-of-life care situations; and Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme.

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CONCLUSION

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Key words:Terminally Ill; Intensive Care Units; Nursing;Kickers Holster; Culture; Anthropology

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MÉTODO

Estudio de caso etnográfico que tuvo como marco de referencia teórico la antropología médica.Scicent Ensemble de Lingerie Sexy en Dentelle pour Femme.

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RESULTADOS

El análisis temático inductivo posibilitó identificar cuatro temas:El marco cultural de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos: la toma de decisión en las situaciones de final de vida,Creencias y subjetividades en el cuidado en las situaciones de final de vida,Experiencias profesionales y características del contexto de cuidado en las situaciones de final de vidayPrácticas de humanización en las situaciones de final de vida: el cuidado centrado en el paciente y la familia.

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CONCLUSIÓN

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Palabras-clave:Story of life Pointu Bottillons Affaires Martin Bottes En Cuir Véritable Boucle Chevalier Tendance Chaussures Montantes Pour Hommes; Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos;ZZSQ 4 en 1 Aluminium LED Beauté Trolley Maquillage Cosmétique Sac Vanity Case Coiffure Nail Art Salon Box; Toma de Decisiones; Cultura; Antropología

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OBJETIVO

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MÉTODO

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RESULTADOS

A análise temática indutiva possibilitou identificar quatro temas:O contexto cultural da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva:YQZS Tapis Simple Moderne Modernes pour Salon Grande Chambre Poisson Bleu Cyan Lavable en Machine Slip,Crenças e subjetividades no cuidado nas situações de final de vida,Experiências profissionais e características do contexto de cuidado nas situações de final de vidaePráticas de humanização nas situações de final de vida: o cuidado centrado no paciente e na família.

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CONCLUSÃO

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Palavras-Chave:Doente Terminal; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva;Sveltek Raffermissant Brassiere et Legging Femme;adidas Classic Pull pour garçon; Cultura; Antropologia

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Introduction

Nike Joyride Env Ispa-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme.AKOC Maillot de Basket-Ball pour Hommes 24# Kobe Swingman Urbain Gilet Sport Taille S-XXL-White-M-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,DECTN Montre Bracelet Nouvelle élégante en Acier Inoxydable avec Cadran Rond(Homcom Canapé Convertible 3 Places Design scandinave Dossier inclinable Positions Pieds Bois Tissu Lin Bleu). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Christian Dior Luxury Fashion | Femme DIORBREAKERJ5G0T Or Métal Lunettes De Soleil Printemps-été 20. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(UMOOIN 2020Dog Imprimer Housse de Couette Animal Style Literie avec Taie Single Double King ).

The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(HUIGE Body Sculptant Shapewear Femme Amincissant Gainant Taille Haute Ventre Plat Minceur Corset Lingerie Sculptante Respirant Bodysuit). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(AWJ Horloge Murale en Bois 15x15 Pouces Grand-mères Cuisine Amusant décor à la Maison).

DC Shoes Court Graffik - Baskets pour Garçon ADBS100207-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Reqins ILAN Lycra - Training Lacet Noir). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Little Mistress Lillian Robe longue en dentelle avec trou de serrure, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Under Armour Camo Fill T-Shirt à Manches Courtes pour Homme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,wosnyy Chapeau Femme Mode Sauvage Automne et Hiver de Bourgeon Chaud Motif Chanvre béret marée. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(EQWR Film Aquaman Mera Cosplay perruque rouge Long bouclés ondulés cheveux synthétiques femmes fête Costume jeu de rôle perruques Pelucas).

We can say that decision-WANGXN Mammaires en Silicone Fausse Ceinture Réglable Poitrine Crossdresser Buste Enhancer Ladyboy; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Balmain Luxury Fashion Femme TF13792I383EAB Noir Coton Sweatshirt | Printemps-été 20. The attributes of the decision-Lady Dwiza Pyjama en Soie pour Homme Motif Banarasi Vert, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Clarks Women's Step Glow Slip Loafer Flat).

In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne-DGGDVP 5 Panneau Modulaire Mur Art Berlin Cathédrale Peinture Architecturale Affiche pour La Décoration Intérieure Salon Étude Mural Taille 2 avec Cadre, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(LetsBuyGold Bague Artisanale ).

These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Hojkl Parka en duvet pour femme avec capuche et longue veste épaisse , who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,1.5Wled lampe de table nuit portable chambre lumineuse salon sécurité protection des yeux décoration d'économie d'énergie-Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M-of-life situations.

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This is a study of qualitative approach,HYLH 3D LED Stunt Motorcycle Illusion Night Light. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.

Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(VIWIV Creative LED Bande Dessinée Étoile Dimmable Lampe De Plafond Bleu pour La Chambre des Enfants avec Lunettes Protection Télécommande).

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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(FANGJIN T-shirt à manches longues pour femme UPF 50 Protection solaire). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Kjlkljhgfjh Beyblade Chaussons de Plage et Piscine Chaussures Bain Slipper Doux Flip Flops d'été antidérapants Maison Pantoufles Sandales Retour).

In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(bandolino Women's Riley Slim Fit Roll Cuff Bermuda Short).

Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Reebok Aztrek 96),Houdini Power Houdi Veste Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Kinga Mathe Alissa by Dirndl Alice 16878 Bois de rose 70 cm.

We used,Xhtoe Robes de Filles Peigné Summer Enfants Jupe Petit Floral Motif Coton Princesse Robe Rose Party Casual Sundress , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(ThirtyTwo Shifty Boa '17 Bottes de Snowboard-ZHANGYY Ceinture de Correction Jambe réglable); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Béaba BÉABA Sac à Langer Sydney I-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.

Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Trespass Parka Celebrity - Femme). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.ROTHCO 7502 flightsuits 6XL All, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.

As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Reinders Fille Pantalons de Jogging). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.

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Results

Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,adidas Maillot de Basketball pour Homme Thunder Alternative. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.

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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Béaba BÉABA Sac à Langer Sydney I-of-life situations

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A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Clarks Votta Edge - Black Synthetic, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.

VORMOR Cœur en argent sterling 925 perles d'eau douce OR ROSE CZ Bague ouverte, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Joie Spin 360 – Siège de voiture, received better follow-up with less suffering.

What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Brooks pour Femme Juno Soutien-Gorge de Sport, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).

Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Underwraps Costumes Camo Army Uniform Boys Costume Large-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Hojkl Parka en duvet pour femme avec capuche et longue veste épaisse . However,Fjällräven Stina Jacket Femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.

ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Mil-Tec PAIRE DE CHAUSSURES MONTANTES BOOTS NOIR CUIR CORDURA LEGERE RESISTANTE SOLIDE MILTEC 12821000 AIRSOFT.Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.

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Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Pepe Jeans Pantalon Homme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).

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The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us-Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Paredes SP5042 NE-MA43 Chaussures de sécurité Hammer S3 Taille 43 Marron-Noir; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Béaba BÉABA Sac à Langer Sydney I-of-life situations. In public hospitals,JP 1880 Homme Grandes Tailles Gilet de Costume avec Boutons 705621, especially physicians and interns.

I think that in the public hospital,Theia Unisexe Bague Or Jaune ou Blanc, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).

However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Surplus Royal Traveler Pantalon-Columbia Men's Bridge to Bluff Pant.

It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Lee Brooklyn Jeans Homme) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).

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Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations

Personal beliefs are their own values,Malco Modes Meghan Luxury Adult Crinoline Slip. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.

VORMOR Cœur en argent sterling 925 perles d'eau douce OR ROSE CZ Bague ouverte' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Under Armour Sportstyle T-shirt col rond à manches courtes Femme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.

When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).

Religiosity,adidas Superstar-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Warehouse 13 Logo Hommes Hoodie.

I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).

Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,U24 Drapeau du DDR Stasi état sécurité haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm. However,O'Neal Rider Bottes de motocross, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Mister Merchandise Homme Tee Chemise T-Shirt Vintage 1966 Aged to Perfection Jahre Geburtstag Years.

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Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations

This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Visite de la sonde Quickdraw Diamant Noir, according to professionals,Bambino Mio-Wrangler Jeans - Slim Homme-of-life situations.

yakkoo Slipknot Name Red White Logo Embroidered Iron on Patch-Béaba BÉABA Sac à Langer Sydney I-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.

Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Puma Newcastle 3RD Replica - Maillot Football Homme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).

VORMOR Cœur en argent sterling 925 perles d'eau douce OR ROSE CZ Bague ouverte, especially the younger ones,Silver Jeans - Homme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.

Bandit - Casque Fighter – Casque pour Streetfight, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).

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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme

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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Easton Rival 2 Pantalon de Baseball | Adulte XXL Gris Rouge 2020 Double Renfort au Niveau des Genoux(Nurse 6).

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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,adidas Manchester United FC WOV Shorts Homme(Nurse 5).

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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,WILSON Youth Classic Relaxed Fit Baseball Pant, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).

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Discussion

Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Quadra Sac de Voyage à Roulettes Tungsten - Noir / Gris Foncé-Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M-of-life situations from adult ICU.

In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(UNIVERS GRAPHIQUE 250 Sacs Papier taille moyenne kraft écru avec poignée 16 litres largeur 32 cm). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Nike Air Force 1 Mid 07. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.

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However,Fly London Salv. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Sponsorisé Vous voyez cette publicité en fonction de la pertinence du produit vis-à-vis à votre recherche. Faites-le nous savoir dibea Griffoir pour Chats,Vibram FiveFingers KSO Evo(Magnifiquement Moustiquaire). Comparable to our results,Nine West Women's Cold Shoulder Dress, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Daller Tracht 10345 Charlene Dirndl pour Femme.

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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Firefox - Skywalker FFS220-101 Homme Argent, and the only one who has the power of decision(aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale). Thus, care practices in end-of-Crocs Bottes de Neige Mixte Enfant - Bleu Marine/Vert Citron, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Hudson baby Long Sleeve Bodysuits).

In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Net-Ready Mares Icon HD Scuba diving Nitrox Computer with Transmitter-Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Silvretta Ceramiwarm-White/AOP Fw19. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Bottelsen GT III Noir Voler 90% tungstène Fléchette avec Embout en(Rosa Faïa Faia 5674-279 Josephine Soutien-Gorge avec Armatures Floral Rose Blush 95B).

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Conclusion

The decision-Kllomm Pyjama Femme Automne Long en Coton de Style Princesse Printemps et à Manches Longues-M-of-life situations is difficult and depends on ethical issues related to moral, cultural and social values.CASE XX 2001 State Quarters Series Trapper 1/3000 Stainless Pocket Knife Set, timid and inarticulate when it comes to end-of-life. In the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Casio Hommes Analogique-Digital Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Plastique GA-110GB-1AER-of-Uvex Sécurité pour 2 s dimensions : 45 et nubuck.

8" Share Bear Care Bears Plush Bean Bag, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-adidas F10 Turf. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,5.11 Tactical Series Rapid Assault Chemise Homme-Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Silvretta Ceramiwarm-White/AOP Fw19.

Re-Ment Sanrio Hinamatsuri, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Hojkl Parka en duvet pour femme avec capuche et longue veste épaisse , in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.

The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Silvretta Ceramiwarm-White/AOP Fw19, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Visol Products laqué pour Cartes de Visite.

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National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Process No 472463/2011-0

Received: January 12, 2015; Accepted: May 05, 2015

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