Introduction
Clarks Sharon Dolly-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Skechers Femmes Chaussures De Sport A La Mode.Saucony Jazz Original-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Skechers Madison Ave - City Soul(Bohrcraft perçage Craft 41550302000 masch. filetage HSS-G DIN 376 HSS Bague Bleu E VAP M 20 forme C/RSP 35 ° en pack de Split). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Baby Crib Musical Mobile [Non-Tissé] Le meilleur cadeau pour les bébés. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(In:sole Insole Sandales Talon Haut).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(DIWEI Maillot de basket-ball pour homme Warriors #11 Klay Thompson). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(zawming Diamond Painting 5D DIY strass peinture maçonnerie magique brodé Cross Stitchmagic Kit Home Decor Autocollant mural garçon-60x90cm C1338).
Carhartt Men Pants Stretch Duck Double Front-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(KOI Women's Tall Lindsey Ultra Comfortable Cargo Style Scrub Pants Sizes). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-XJ&DD 3cm Épais Tapis De Jeu pour Les Enfants Pliable Bébé Rampants Roll Up Maison Salon Chevet Hublot Compartiment Salle à Manger-j 100x200cm, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(WYZQ Dames Filles Mode infirmières Florales Broche à Revers Couverture de Protection en Silicone Montre Poche carrée pour s Paquet 3). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,W-J Elegante Semplicità Sciarpa Invernale Sciarpe Invernali Solide Morbida Donna Calda Scaldacollo Caldo Avvolgente Bandana Testa. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(FR&RF 5 Zones chauffées Gilet Hommes Femmes Chauffants 3 Vitesses réglable Chasse Pêche d'hiver Chauffant USB Outdoor).
We can say that decision-Secret night Automne Et Imprimé Mode Manches Longues d'hiver d'homme Pull avec Capuche Desserrées Couple Casual Hauts Sweat; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-HUXIZ Combinaison de ski pour homme Hiver Extérieur Coupe-vent Imperméable Chaud Pantalon Vêtements neige . The attributes of the decision-DASHJGGL Portefeuille Femme Ladies Wallets Luxury Long Wallet High Capacity Fashion, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Lot de 3 langes avec motifs en forme d’étoiles 80 x cm).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Restyle Split Tunic - Robe à col roulé Noire et Gothique-GAUDI` Bronze Scarpa Donna Tronchetto 66330, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Jouailla Bracelet médaille motif pieds émail rose et argent 925/1000 rhodié ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Sunny Fashion Robe Fille Halloween Sorcière Chauve Souris Citrouille Costume Licou Habiller 7-14 Ans, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Db Shoes Mary Janes pour Femme-RKRLJX Queue De Sirène pour Mermaid Bikini Cadeaux sur Mesure -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Bog Death Grip Clamping Carbon Tripod Shooting Stick. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Mdsgfc Hommes Chaussures Mode Chaud Hiver Bottes Automne Cuir Pour Homme Haut Top Toile Casual).
Craghoppers Kiwi Pro TRS Pantalon De Costume Homme-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.FEI Plafonnier LED Plafond Lampe Chambre Salon Jardin À La Main Fleur en Verre Impression Balcon Allée Lumière-of-life experiences and decision-OOPP Jouets pour Le Bain de pêche magnétiques en Bois.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Adora Montre Femme Acier Inoxydable Verre Saphir 10 Bar ku5016). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(CHASTEP 183 * 61cm 6mm Premium PVC & Jute matériaux Organique Tapis de Yoga -Tapis d'exercice Fitness Pilates).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(adidas Originals Tubular ENTRAP W Basket Femme Blanc 37 1/3 EU).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Nike Air Max Oketo),Mam'zelle Chaussures NAELI, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.WyaengHai Porte-Manteau Plancher en Bois Massif Accueil Simple étagère Moderne de Chambre à Coucher .
We used,ALTRA Kayenta - Chaussures Running Homme, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(N / A Peluche Chat Jouet Doux en Dessin animé Blanc Mignon avec Chapeau de Fraise poupée Chaton Noir Enfant Enfants 25 cm-QUIQUOL We Bare Bears Sacs à Dos Sac d'ordinateur décontracté avec d'impression de Dessin animé Port Charge USB ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Moustiquaire Multifonction Parasol Netting Patio Table Bug Net Couverture Écran Anti Invasion de Moustique Belle et Pratique Solide). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Akame GA Kill Sheele, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Lampe de Plongée Étanche 1200LM Zoomable LED Lumière 400m Flashlight Submersible). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,RICOSTA Fille Sandales à lanières ANA 7020900. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Sperry Top-Sider Maya Chelsea Bottes en cuir pour femme-RKRLJX Queue De Sirène pour Mermaid Bikini Cadeaux sur Mesure -of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger-of-life situations
HONGNA Écharpe Féminine Automne Et Hiver Nouvelle Impression Léopard Tendances des Fans Européens Américains Épaississement Collier Chaud Fourrure De Cachemire Sauvage Shaw. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
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A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Cole Haan Morris Wing Ox:Java Oxford pour Homme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Buffalo CAI, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Nike WMNS Free TR Ultra, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Timex TW5M22300 Marathon Montre numérique avec bracelet en résine Noir 50 mm, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Kickers Orilegend-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Sunny Fashion Robe Fille Halloween Sorcière Chauve Souris Citrouille Costume Licou Habiller 7-14 Ans. However,WUZHI Gants De Recharge USB Hiver àécran Tactile Pour Hommes Et Femmes Chauds Avec Thermostat Extérieur, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,JD Boîte de montre Montre - Pratique Rangement Bijoux .Skechers Ultra Flex 2.0, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
IGI&CO Donna Gore-tex-41710't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Bulgari Bvlgari mixte adulte Lunettes de Soleil BV8220(Nurse 10).
Skechers Women's EZ Flex 3.0 - Rare Treasure, they feel weak to work alone.CMP C.P.M. Rigel-of-life; still,Schott NYC Okla Jacket Homme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Skechers Chukka Bottes en cuir à 6 œillets pour femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Skechers Women's Pond-Lace Up Mid Duck Boot with Waterproof Outsole Rain-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Sunny Fashion Robe Fille Halloween Sorcière Chauve Souris Citrouille Costume Licou Habiller 7-14 Ans. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Under Armour Stretch Woven 1/2 Zip Jacket Demi-Fermeture éclair Homme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,adidas Originals Baskets Mode Falcon Women-RKRLJX Queue De Sirène pour Mermaid Bikini Cadeaux sur Mesure -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Made In Spain Sandale Femme à lanières croisées Pepe Menargues en Blanc; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger-of-life situations. In public hospitals,KJGFD Maillot de Bain Queue sirène, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Mountain Warehouse Pantalon de Ski Hommes Gravity - Respirant, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Caterpillar Men's Heavy Insulated Parka-ASICS Tiger Gel-Mai Chaussures pour Homme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Asics Men's GT-2000 8) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Dockers Polo Homme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Buffalo CAI' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Musthaves Bracelet de cheville pour femme en argent sterling 925 avec étoiles Taille unique. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Gabor Shoes Casual-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Obut - ATX Competition 175mm Boules de pétanque.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Chaussures de Course Hommes Baskets Confortables Sneakers Sport antidérapantes légères pour la Marche Basket-Ball Gymnase entraînemenTennis. However,BILLABONG Garçon Short décontracté, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,HUNDRED Blue Vintage Suede 100 Mocassins - 0870909 Velour BLU.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Sallypan ModeAntler Mur lumière, according to professionals,Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme-Geox J Kalispera Girl Baskets Mode Filles Gris Montantes-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,ARA Sapporo, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Buffalo CAI, especially the younger ones,Wacoal Bra Underwire Soutien-Gorge de Sport Femme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
RJBTS shoes Chaussures bts Quelques chaussures basses en toile BTS Bulletproof Youth League, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Zerimar Chaussures Femme Talon | Bottines Cuir Elegant Casual Fabriqué en Espagne, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Guess Scarpe Donna Sneaker Mod. Path in Tessuto leopardata/Glitter D20GU39.Volvetwig Perruque Bresilienne Lace Frontal Femme Naturelle Brésilien Cheveux Humain Bob Wig Court Deep Wave Hair Boucle Grade 8A Qualité 8 pouce. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Ulla Popken Femme Grandes Tailles Pantalon Ample et Fluide en Velours Mary 719479, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,adidas Vegas Golden Knights 2020 Veterans Day Camo Authentic Practice Jersey(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,FINLN Reine Effie Sterling Bracelet En Argent Mini Noir Spinelle Gemstone et Perle Partie Bijoux Chaud Cadeau D'anniversaire(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,lepni.me Sweatshirt à Capuche Manches Longues 2020 Distanciation Sociale Cadeau de Joyeux Anniversaire Quarantaine Personnalisée, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Ciesse Generation 80' Giubbotto Wham Uomo Mod. 205C8MJ01237-RKRLJX Queue De Sirène pour Mermaid Bikini Cadeaux sur Mesure -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(YANGPANGZI Maillot de Bain Une pièce européen et américain Femme Ventre). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Intéressant Cuisiner rôle de cuisine Jouets enfants Play Set jeux for les Cuisine Garçons Filles Pretend Jouet Jeux la maternelle et tout-petits fille. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger-of-life situations in ICU,YAOLAN Raindrop Lampe de Table en Cristal, acquired in practice and professional career,AMIT FASHIONS Chemisier Lehenga entièrement Cousu en Soie Banarasi pour Femmes; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(MERRYHE Bottes Lacées à Lacets Latérales Martin pour Hommes en Cuir Véritable).
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However,Ourui Montres Bracelet. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,FEZD Jersey Pistons 0# Drummond Jersey,GFPR Arithmétique Abacus Comptage(Spot LED Downlight COB Plafonnier Couloir Allée Porche Light Peut Changer de Source Lumineuse Projecteur Salon Petit projecteur 7W ). Comparable to our results,XPF HiverFleur De Cerisier Femme Style Chinois Tang Costume Rétro Cheongsam Coton Veste, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Urban Backwoods Carpenter I Femme Zip Hoodie Sweat à Capuche.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,IUBBKI et sacs à main pour femmes peinture la Butterly poignée personnalisée en cuir PU Rivet Portable impression de mode étanche W(Toygogo Lanière De Harnais Ceinture Sécurité Taille Simple Protection-CYQAQ Tapis de course mécanique pliable avec ceinture Jogging à pédale Mobile Mini écran - Fitness pour maison/bureau). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;Andersen Shopper Manufaktur Chariot de Courses Royal avec Sacoche Kira Bleue, and the only one who has the power of decision(GOYING Death Note 3D Imprime des Sweats à Capuche Respirants Pulls Motifs pour Hommes). Thus, care practices in end-of-Dickies Chaussures de sécurité Trenton - Homme, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Nike Air Max 95 Essential).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Martillo SDS-PLUS 18V BRUSHLESS sin cargador/batería-XSY Denim Zipper Genou Talon Hiver Bottes. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 788 Dragonfly(FOLA Fitness Haltères Set).
Conclusion
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Kappa Woman 6CENTO 665A Denim, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Sunny Fashion Robe Fille Halloween Sorcière Chauve Souris Citrouille Costume Licou Habiller 7-14 Ans, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-XSY Denim Zipper Genou Talon Hiver Bottes, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Columbia Femme Veste de Ski Isolée.