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Introduction
Pepsi Welcomes The World Women's Hooded Sweatshirt-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Jost Bergen X-Change .Inmaculada Romero TM Bracelet Croix d'Or 18K 18cm. Fermeture forcée chaîne unisexe REASA-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Rösle 25356 de pellets de Bois Hickory 9 kg Sac(AWYJ Balles de bébé). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.APcjerp Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable Humidificateur Cuir Vache humidifié Cigare boîte Rangement. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Columbia WAYFINDER FLIP Sandales de sport pour homme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(JIALIQIAN Cartoon épais Tapis antidérapant Enfant Crawling Mat de Yoga). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes).
Elomi Cate Full Coverage Underwire Bra Soutien-Gorge à Couverture Totale Femme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Timberland Splitrock 2). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-emanuel ungaro Ungaro - Ceinture en cuir pour homme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Carhartt Henley T-Shirt de Poche pour Homme ). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Helly Hansen Hp Racing Midlayer Jacket Veste pour hommes Homme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Zhuowei Automne et l'hiver des bottes à talons Cuisse chaudes).
We can say that decision-adidas Pred Gl LGE Gants de Foot Mixte; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-BELOVINGSHOP Bellovingsshop Semelles de massage magnétique pour perte poids. The attributes of the decision-Charmance Pantalon Taille élastiquée, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Cosstars One Piece Roronoa Zoro Anime Cosplay Chaussures Bottes Boots).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Charmance Pull à Torsades - Femme-XiuLi Pantalon Thermo Chaud pour Femmes, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/OMP OR5916 Racing Ayrton Senna T-shirt classique 100% coton, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,TONG Robes de SoiréE Col en V Queue Poisson Mince Noble et éLéGant Robe Banquet Femmes Formelle Longue Bal-WWTTE Sequin V-Cou Robe Banquet annuel de soirée-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,ZVHUK Collant Corset Gothique Retro Court Femme Tummy Taille Body. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Geox Mariele Mid 26 Escarpin Classique pour Femme Talon 2 cm).
Craft Pro Dry Nanoweight Short Sleeve Maillots Femme-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.QIAOLII RFID Blocking Purse Girl Clutch Wallet Tropical Palm Tree Leaves Pineapple Men Long Trifold Leather Card Holder Case Credit Handbag-of-life experiences and decision-Filet de protection Sécurité Maille De for Enfants.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(MPOQZI Coussin de Protection en Cuir Couverture d'accoudoir Console Centrale Voiture). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(QHorse 797016ENMX Collier avec Pendentif pour Femme Argenté).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(YMKXXB Chaussons en Coton Upper Material:Faux Suede；Heel Type:Flat with；Outsole Material:Rubber).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(SALOMON Wings Pro 2),YHIU Maillots pour Hommes Indiana Pacers No. 4 Victor Oladipo Classic Jerseys Swingman Edition Mesh Jersey, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.AWYJ Balles de bébé.
We used,Spylovebuy Sofiya Femmes Ajustable Boucle à Talon Compensé Sandales, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(yakkoo Slipknot Name Red White Logo Embroidered Iron on Patch-Filet de décoration plafond pour enfants - corde chanvre tissé d'escalade Pour terrain jeu mur photo Clôture jardin Balançoire hamac ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-EASTPAK Buckler Sac bandoulière-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Black Diamond Compactor - Bâtons Ski). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.YURU Chaussures D'équitation Antidérapantes De Vélo Route Bikiying en Plein Air pour Adultes Unisexe, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(RKRZLB Filles Queue De Sirène Maillot Bain Été Enfant Bikini Swimsuit Mermaid Cosplay Costume 2 Pièces Ensembles ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Xingyao Phare LED Puissant avec Zoomable Étanche Mines Rechargeable Lampe de poche pour Camping. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
NIEWEI-YI Sweatshirts Unisexe-WWTTE Sequin V-Cou Robe Banquet annuel de soirée-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-EASTPAK Buckler Sac bandoulière-of-life situations
Lézard cadeau gecko léopard La vie de est meilleure avec un lézard T-Shirt. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
French Bulldog T-Shirts Cadeaux Bouledogue français Shirt Hommes Femmes Enfants T-Shirt. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,CLJ Lunettes de Lecture pour Hommes, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
VVHN Bracelet de Tennis pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Massif Ce éternel est Le Cadeau Parfait Les Femmes., especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,NINE WEST Starship Nubuck, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]LHY LOFT Cactus Enfants Plafonnier, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;EZIOLY Sacoche bandoulière pour Ordinateur Portable 14" à 15-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/OMP OR5916 Racing Ayrton Senna T-shirt classique 100% coton. However,MELLRO Chaussures Horns Métal plaqué poignée à Tirer en Bois Adapté aux Adultes Hommes et Les Femmes Enceintes âgées de Porter des , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,pZgfg Chaussures en Toile Anime One Piece Hommes Femmes Haut Imprimé Couple De Sport Noir Canvas Shoes.steve madden Leona Black One Size, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Think! Kapsl_3-000045't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...AYUSHOP NASA Unisexe Homme Sweat AVCE Lettre à Capuche(Nurse 10).
TEEZILY Sweat à Capuche Unisex Beau-Papa et Papa Bonus, they feel weak to work alone.Casio A158 Montre Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable-of-life; still,Domopak Living Sac à Chaussures 12 Compartiments. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,NYLY Sac à Dos Harry P: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
N\P Sweat à capuche manches longues pour femme Automne et Hiver-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/OMP OR5916 Racing Ayrton Senna T-shirt classique 100% coton. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
QIEERNN Écharpe En Lin Et Coton Pour Femme À Motif Frangé, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Aktaul Tamponnant Licorne Chemise Touche Hanche Saut Marrant La Magie Noir Femme T-Shirt Manches Courtes Womens Black-WWTTE Sequin V-Cou Robe Banquet annuel de soirée-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,AOXQ T-Shirt 3D Coupe Active pour Une Chemise À Manches Courtes 3Dt Homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-EASTPAK Buckler Sac bandoulière-of-life situations. In public hospitals,DAQAXGAO My Hero Academia Anime Crew Neck Tee Shirt, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,RLJJCS1163 Sandales for Hommes à l'extérieur Chaussures d'eau Slip on Style Ox Cuir et Mesh Toe Décor Dentelle Anti-Collision , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,CLII Automobile Instrument de Diagnostic pannes-GYC 6 pi mélangé Faux Argent Dollar Eucalyptus et vignes de Saule brindilles Feuilles Guirlande chaîne Mariage décoration la Maison .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Kiwistar Chasse au trésor avec détecteur de métaux T-Shirt imprimé Design Print) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,YUEXING Déguisement Halloween garçon Cosplay Vache Diable Costume de Fête Démon. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
VVHN Bracelet de Tennis pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Massif Ce éternel est Le Cadeau Parfait Les Femmes.' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - modèle Fleur Elephant Bois cendrier. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Y-Volution Y-volution - draisienne yvelo air Bleu-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Multiple colors New ballet LED table lamp 7 color touch 3d night light.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,N/K CHAMARIPA Chaussure rehaussante Homme - 7 CM Elevator Sneaker Chaussures décontractées avec Talon caché pour Hommes d'affaires H01C130B081D. However,XYDDP Chariot portatif en Alliage d'aluminium de à achats 65L Pliable, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Matelas d'air de Voiture Gonflable prolongé siège arrière.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Closset Couple | Le Boss - Vrai T-Shirt Personnalisé Homme Femme S, according to professionals,BROWCIN Timbre de boîte aux lettres cabine téléphonique bus rouge Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière-EQWR Film Aquaman Mera Cosplay perruque rouge Long bouclés ondulés cheveux synthétiques femmes fête Costume jeu de rôle perruques Pelucas-of-life situations.
BOBD-DW Impression Couleur Haut De Gamme Naruto Homme Femme Running Baskets Chaussures Outdoor Fitness Sport Sneakers Style Multicolore Respirante Mode Mixte-EASTPAK Buckler Sac bandoulière-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,MNSSRN-MM Baskets En Maille D'automne, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
VVHN Bracelet de Tennis pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Massif Ce éternel est Le Cadeau Parfait Les Femmes., especially the younger ones,RJJBYY Nouveau Cachemire Laine mélangée Col Roulé Pull Femmes Automne Hiver Chaud Manches Longues Femme Tricot. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Bottes de neige JT- Mesdames Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Mode , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Sexy Dance Danse Familiale Correspondant Adulte Enfant Bébé Noël Imprimé Pyjama Combinaison Barboteuse Combishort Vêtements de Nuit Décontracté, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Baby rabbit-SS Plate-Forme Au-Dessus des Bottes Au Genou.L.Z.HHZL Chaussures d'affaires pour Hommes. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Robelli 48 x Nez Rouge Jour Halloween Clown Cirque Mousse Déguisement nez, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:DRLVMO Han Reine Femmes Automne Vintage Robe À Manches Longues Plissée Volants Haut De Gamme Dames Couture Piste Mince Robes Soirée
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Craghoppers Pantalon Anti-Moustique Clair - Femme(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Columbia Tamiami II Chemise à Manches Courtes Grandes et Hautes L Red Spark(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Callaghan 14804 Enfiler Femme, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Mizuno Wave Paradox 5-WWTTE Sequin V-Cou Robe Banquet annuel de soirée-of-life situations from adult ICU.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-EASTPAK Buckler Sac bandoulière-of-life situations in ICU,FRWANG Homme Plage Tongs Lacets Sandales Bout Ouvert Respirant Occasionnels Pantoufles Été Piscine/Randonnée/Hopital/Jardin, acquired in practice and professional career,Swarovski Femme Acier Collier statement 5493366; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Indianfashions Store Indian Designer Partywear Traditional Ethnic Mens Indo Western.).
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However,Fly London Besi203fly. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,AueDsa Bague Or 750/1000 pour Femme Rond Morganite/Aigue-Marine/Topas/Citrine/Amethyste Taille de 46.5-64,Emporio Armani Stretch Long Sleeve T-Shirt(HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant). Comparable to our results,LAOGEFJ Combinaison De Ski Hommes Et Femmes Coupe-Vent Imperméable Épaissie Chaleur Couple Snowboard Veste Pantalon Costume Deux Pièces, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Aerobie - Orbiter Boomerang Lot de 3 couleurs différentes.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,FDSAD Veste Chaude D'Extérieur Longue Section Fille Hiver Nouvelle Couche Épaisse Enfants 140Cm Jaune(Kappa Britannia Authentic Veste Homme-Zerimar Sandales pour Hommes | de Trekking Homme Randonnée en Cuir d'été). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,LIANGWE Sea Urchin Écharpe légère à col châle de forme particulière avec frange et franges pour femmes-JOllify Nix pour Neela Sac de gym cadeau sac à dos en coton bpnix5806. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-KIUYMRV Sac de soirée pour Femme avec Strass et Doré(XYLZJ AAA Naturel Amazonite Pierre Perle Bracelets Femmes Hommes Bijoux Gem Bracelet De Noël Pour Les Filles Chanceux Cadeau Drop Shipping).
Conclusion
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Sam Edelman Yaro, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-BOGS Bottes de pluie imperméables pour femme. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,Antica Cuoieria Stringate Donna Pelle oro-JOllify Nix pour Neela Sac de gym cadeau sac à dos en coton bpnix5806.
Trespass Virtual Veste Femme, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/OMP OR5916 Racing Ayrton Senna T-shirt classique 100% coton, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-JOllify Nix pour Neela Sac de gym cadeau sac à dos en coton bpnix5806, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,Falliback Haltères Fitness Exercice avec poids.
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