Introduction
Columbia Wander Plus Jogger-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,gracosy Sabots Femmes Cuir.Brass Monkeys Haut Thermique - Homme-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Ryan Jonathan Fine Jewelry Survivor Collection Bague en argent sterling avec topaze Swarovski Transparent/bleu Taille 7(AZSTEEL Silent No More Mmiw Awareness for Mmiwg2s Pullover Hoodie | Black Novelty Unisex Lightweight). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Coleman Quick Bed Plus Matelas Gonflable Simple Queen Gris. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Odlo Midlayer 1/2 Zip Silvretta Ceramiwarm-White/AOP Fw19).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Housse De Couette Literie Simple Drap Vert Couleur de Taie Doux et Confortable Roi Reine Pleine Double 220 X240). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(FRWANG Manuel Cuir Chaussures d'affaires Homme Lacets Derby).
TONI CS-Jenny Business-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Mizuno Premier Pro G2 Pantalon de Baseball pour Jeunes). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Nike Flex Trainer 9, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(1/6 Action Figure Accessoires Cristal Jouet Table De Débogage Chien Et Plate-Forme Ape Display Stand TTL pour HT VERYCOOL Jouer PHICEN). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Groovy Marvel Captain America Peignoir en Polyester pour Homme Bleu. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(DGHJK Haut-Parleur Bluetooth Gramophone).
We can say that decision-XQTX Lingerie Set Sexy Femme Coquine Ouverte Femmes Érotique Porno Poupée Vêtements De Nuit Noir Sexe sous-Vêtements Cosplay Chemise; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-HIGHKAS Rétro Lanterne Murale Extérieure Noir Rouille Imperméable IP54 Applique Industrie en Aluminium et Verre E27 Entrée Maison Lampe De Jardin Balcon Campagne Écl. The attributes of the decision-Superga 2750-cotu Classic, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Yin YIN Unisex Enfants Chaussures à Skates LED Clignotante Roue Double Bouton Poussoir Ajustable Chargement USBPatins roulettes Course Pied Sneakers pour Garçons Filles).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Désigual Sac à Dos Femme DESIGUAL Back Alexandra Nazca Mini 20wakp38 uni Noir-KÜBLER Kübler 21245353-9955-46 Pantalon Pulse Taille 46 noir/rouge, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,LLUVIAXHAN Chaussures en Cuir pour Hommes Simplicity-Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Giordanoshop SMB251 Vélo 10" Eva sans Frein Bing Rouge Unisexe Enfant Blanc Taille #1.Value. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(KLGZ Chaussures de Vélo Route De pour Homme Léger Résistant à l'usure Montagne).
Coccinelle Metallic Soft Mini Purse-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Gabs & Studio Greta Sac à bandoulière en cuir 48 cm - Rose Pivoine-of-life experiences and decision-Fizik R1B Uomo - Chaussures Homme noir 2020 chaussures vtt shimano.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Rideaux d'ombrage avec fenêtre et fleurs de style méditerranéen - Panneau simple 160 x 183 cm Marron).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Geox J Kalispera Girl Baskets Mode Filles Gris Montantes).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(ALTRA Women's AL0A4QTN Solstice XT Cross Training Shoe),Craghoppers Cr165 Sport Homme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Adidas Condivo d'entraînement pour homme Pantalon .
We used,Oliver Peoples BERNARDO OV 5189/S, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Daniel Wellington Montre-Walker Valentin Chapeau IBHT Femmes Cap Plein Air Scarf points imprimés style décontracté Pare-soleil extensible respirant Yoga chaud cou sommeil Couvre-chef ST Nouveau); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Skechers Madison Ave - My Town). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Aura Cacia Ginger/Mint Mist aromathérapie, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(ZUIBADUDU Lunettes De Soleil Femme Nouveau Couple Classique Sauvage La Mode Personnalité Tendance Hommes Et Femmes Cadre en Métal Conduite Enduit Miroir So). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Hush Puppies H18800. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas-of-life situations
Chariot de magasinage Pliant d'épicerie Roues Pliantes poussant Le Sac Condo Appartement Pique-Nique Plage Voyage Portable Pousser Tirer Panier. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Speedo - City NY Pbck AF Maillot de Bain pour Adulte. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Thrasher Skate And Destroy' Pullover Hood. Black., with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Panter 403041700 – Diamant totale O2 Noir 067 Taille : 47, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]QFYD FDEYL Chaussures pour Femmes diabétiques, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge. However,Ventro Pro Turbo VT01 Patins à roulettes 4 roues, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Sebago Men's Black Winhall Slip on 8 D.RYKA Dévotion pour femme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
YKJ Anime Cosplay Chaussures Femme Masquerade Bottes en Cuir Blanc Version Bas Personnalisée Heeled't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO(Nurse 10).
TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu, they feel weak to work alone.no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable -of-life; still,Flyye épaule Étui System Panel MOLLE Ranger Vert. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,ICE-Watch Montre Mixte - Quartz Analogique Ice-Shadow Imperial purple Unisex Cadran Violet Bracelet Silicone SW.IMP.U.S.12: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Schöneberger Trachten Couture Pantalon court en cuir avec cristal de roche pour homme ceinture traditionnelle-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Hammer Folding Panier, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,SFOXL Homme Chaussures de Sécurité-Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,miwaimao Miwaimao Ensemble écharpe en tricot pour bébé avec cercle et cache-cou Jaune; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Assassins Creed Valhalla Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Symbol Teddy Style Officiel Femme, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Supra Breaker, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Ali's Fightgear protège-Tibias Arts Martiaux Noir Taille S-LWQ Moulin Portable.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Sergio Tacchini Jogging Bleu Marine Original 37862) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,ANSUINY Montres pour Hommes. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Panter 403041700 – Diamant totale O2 Noir 067 Taille : 47' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Superga 2730-sueu-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,LAURA VITA Vicvianeo. However,Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme, according to professionals,Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond-FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey-of-life situations.
ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Panter 403041700 – Diamant totale O2 Noir 067 Taille : 47, especially the younger ones,Betts Buddy Cast Net. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
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Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Nike 828407-602.HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver . However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
adidas Senseboost Go M, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:German Wear Chaussures de Ville à Lacets pour Homme Noir
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc(Nurse 6).
End-of-Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme,Big25cm Club de Football la Ligue!Costume d'entraînement Veste Sport Casual Costume Hommes-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Anime Destin/Grand Ordre Ishtar Halloween Robe De Soirée Ensemble Complet Femmes Cosplay Costume,DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique -Agathe creation PA022020 Bracelet tibétain Porte Bonheur - Perle Centrale Argent 925 Lapis Lazuli Naturelle 6mm sur Mesure Fait Main-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Lwieui Coffrets Montres Coffret Couvercle 12 Bijoux Collection vitrine en Verre Top Case Montre Boîte de Rangement ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-WFQGZ Chaussures De Sport pour Hommes Bas-of-life situations in ICU,pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage, acquired in practice and professional career,Art I Breathe; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(IZOD Pull à col Rond en Jacquard pour Homme Calibre 9).
Although,Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, but indirectly, in end-of-life situations,steve madden Liv Bootie -of-life process.Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros/her; accordingly,Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme-Asics Dynablast(Adult Raincoats Imperméable réfléchissant).
However,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis,No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme(ABSY Hommes de Espagnol Fourrure mérinos en Peau Mouton ceinturé Pois Gris Allemand Long Manteau Duffle). Comparable to our results,Festina Horloge F20439/1, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Geox B New Gulp ABX C.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre(WENQU Mode Oxford Confortables for Les Hommes fumée Mocassins Slip on Motif Canvas Bas Bloc Brocart Bout Pointu Talon Broderie Anti-dérapant -DAMMM Perruques). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated, and the only one who has the power of decision(Montane Ineo Pro Women's Pantalon). Thus, care practices in end-of-DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Wellcoda Einstein café Homme Sweat à Capuche Marrant décontracté).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Chorchester Robe à capuche pour cobra serpent multiangle Polygon-PUMA Suede Classic . This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Xhtoe Jupe Femme(Rockport Total Motion Pompe à Pointe pour Femme Bleu 75 mm).
Conclusion
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Etnies Barge XL, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-Asics Dynablast. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt-PUMA Suede Classic .
New Balance Mfcellg, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Summer-lavender Sac à dos en cuir PU pour femme - Pour Rouge, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-PUMA Suede Classic , in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets.