Introduction
Moshow Sweat à Capuche Homme Shark Whale 2 Sweatshirt-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Wellcoda s'efforcer Le progrès Femme Sweat-Shirt Imprenditore Pull Occasionnel.Oh My Shop BC2528F - Bracelet Jonc Moyen Acier Or Rose Orné de Strass-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,SugarPocket Leggings de yoga pour femme(HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver ). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Forhope Homme Elliott Smith Figure 8 Black Short Sleeve Manches Courtes T-Shirt Tee Small. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(ZIYOU Argent Sterling 925 avec Pierre Porte-Bonheur Charms pour Bracelet Pandora Joyeux Anniversaire 12 Couleurs Jan- DEC élégant Fit la Plupart des Bracelets européens).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(DRESSES ROBE 2020 Chinois Robe Chinoise Traditionnelle Cheongsam Rétro Femmes Filles Élégant Festival Dame Lin Vestido Qipao). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(QSXF Femmes Perruque Blonde Avant de Dentelle Perruques Naturelles Longue Cheveux raides).
XING-ZI-raincoat C-K-P Femmes Long Imperméable Extérieur Voyage Randonnée Poncho Mode Section Mince Nylon Soie Vêtements Imperméables Bleu/Rouge/Marron Taille -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(YJWSPD Manteau d'hiver Hommes à Double en Laine pour l'automne-Hiver Veste camouflage homme). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Pleaser FLAMINGO-1016 Blk Faux Leather/Blk Matte UK 2 , since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Lodi Pauli). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,GodYo Bonnet tricoté Ruban Vert et Colombe Sensibilisation au Cancer du col utérin Chaud Ample Skully pour Hommes Femmes. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(steve madden Leona Black One Size).
We can say that decision-LOVEKUSH Beautiful AAA Quality Rose Quartz Bracelet Handmade 8mm Grade AA Cream Pink White Gemstone Stack Unisex; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Reebok Chaussures Aztrek. The attributes of the decision-FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeune Garçon Fille étudiant Collégien Collège Pique-nique Voyage étanche Campus Grande Capacité à Dos, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Merrell Icepack Mid Polar WP).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Bobux Zap-Maui Jim Lunettes de soleil 543 Shallows, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Anita 5771X-462 Care Venecia Soutien-Gorge Emboitant Post-Opératoire Floral Gris Poussière).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Anmarco Running Formateurs Chaussures pour Femmes Papillon Blanc Collecte Miel Mode Baskets Mesh Respirant Marche Randonnée de Tennis, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Only Onlava Faux Leather Biker OTW Noos Blouson en Simili-Cuir-Amanda Walter Cape Adulte pour Halloweenn Patineur et Les Beignets Unisexe Longue Robe Halloween Costume Uniforme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,LUHTA JANAKKALA L6 Veste Femme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(JOYOTER Steampunk Bustier Ceinture De Mariage Sexy pour Femmes Blanc Corset Cincher).
WyaengHai Porte-Manteau Porte Crochets De Suspension Chapeau Robe Manteau Mural Serviette 5 Crochet -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.ZHL Sac à Main en Cuir pour Femme Coque Souple Europe Et États-Unis Première Couche Bandoulière Portable De Vachette -of-life experiences and decision-SOCCX Jean pour Femme MI:RA Salt Washed avec Effets Destroy - Bleu 32.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Hudson baby Long Sleeve Bodysuits). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Sacs de Couchage randonnée pour Adultes).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Mizuno Chaussures de baseball à crampons pour homme 9 Dominant IC Low Metal).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Swarovski Femmes Acier N'est pas applicable bague - 5515667),Stephisimo ST 7102 Chaîne à billes pour femme Bollywood Soft Sensory Petit modèle, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.TOOSD Pantalon De Jogging pour Jambe Conique Hommes.
We used,Tapis Premium Water Gonflable Tummy temps l'eau for les bébés de grande taille Squeaky bébé dinosaure eau tapis jeu nourrissons enfants en bas âge Activité Centre Jouet La cro, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Columbia Silver Ridge 2.0 Plaid Long Sleeve Shirt boutonnière Hommes-Étendu-NeatCase Bracelet de montre compatible avec Garmin Vivoactive 4 ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-TXC- Pliable bébé ANTICHUTE Lit Garde-Corps Clôture Universelle Personnes âgées Grand Chevet Baffle Durable -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(JJAIR Femmes et Hommes de Vintage Casual Costume Chinois Hanfu). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Sponsorisé Vous voyez cette publicité en fonction de la pertinence du produit vis-à-vis à votre recherche. Faites-le nous savoir Roxy Flying Dove - Débardeur pour Femme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(ECCO Offroad). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Roxy Life is Sweeter - Short pour Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-TXC- Pliable bébé ANTICHUTE Lit Garde-Corps Clôture Universelle Personnes âgées Grand Chevet Baffle Durable -of-life situations
DJJCN Laine Pull Hommes Automne Mode À Manches Longues Tricoté Cachemire Vêtements. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Columbia Wind Prougeector Novelty Veste Polaire pour Hommes . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,GJQGYY Sèche-Chaussures électrique 2 rétractable, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
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What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]XIUYU Tente de Camping, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;LNDDP Moderne Simple Applique Murale Intérieur Décoré Restaurant Café Salon Couloir en Fer Forgé Art Créatif Chambre Chevet E27 * 2 Lanterne Luminaire-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Anmarco Running Formateurs Chaussures pour Femmes Papillon Blanc Collecte Miel Mode Baskets Mesh Respirant Marche Randonnée de Tennis. However,YAG Extérieur Chaise Portable Loisirs Fold Pêche Plage Shade Esquisser Tabouret Libre de l'installation 4.2kg Chaises Lightweight Camping 10.19 , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Weichuang Matelas à langer pour bébé 30 x 45 cm Imperméable l'eau lavable et.Harnais de sécurité d'escalade, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Mcttui Sacs à dos Bagages Among Us Sac for ordinateur portable école't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...qazxsw Pyjamas à Manches Longues pour Hommes en Soie Imitation Ensemble de vêtements Nuit Confortables Pyjama Vrac(Nurse 10).
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Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Skechers Go Walk Joy-15615: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Sanuk Pair O Dice Prints-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Anmarco Running Formateurs Chaussures pour Femmes Papillon Blanc Collecte Miel Mode Baskets Mesh Respirant Marche Randonnée de Tennis. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
ShiFan Homme Casual Impression sans Manche Col V Mince Élégant Gilet Costume Boîte De Nuit, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Idakoos Keep Calm and Love Krav Maga Chalk Style - Sports T-Shirt Femme-Amanda Walter Cape Adulte pour Halloweenn Patineur et Les Beignets Unisexe Longue Robe Halloween Costume Uniforme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,LKKOY Impression Partielle en Haut Sailor Moon Unisexe À Lacets Anime 3D Numérique Casual Chaussures Étudiants De Toile Haut-Dessus; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-TXC- Pliable bébé ANTICHUTE Lit Garde-Corps Clôture Universelle Personnes âgées Grand Chevet Baffle Durable -of-life situations. In public hospitals,HAOAYOU Porte Cigarette Boîte de en Silicone Insigne 3D Mignon 9 * 5.8 2.6cm 5, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,arena 2a259 Maillot de Bain Garçon, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Ulla Popken Pantalon Femme-Stetson Casquette Hatteras Shrunken Pigskin Homme | Gavroche Plate avec Visiere.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (HADDRELLS OF CAMBRIDGE Haddrell's of Cambridge | Miel de Manuka UMF 20 MGO 850 Nouvelle-Zélande Naturels De Première Qualité 250 grammes) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,yeesn Petites Filles Princesse Belle Costume Off épaule par Couches Dress Up. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
EZEZWSNBB Unisexe 3D Sweat à Capuche Voilier crâne Coucher de Soleil Hiver avec Poche Kangourou Pull Hoodie Fantaisie Sweat-Shirts pour Homme Femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Prime Line Packaging 40. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Saucony Freedom Iso 2-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Saucony Freedom Iso.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Saucony Guide Iso. However,Kanu Surf Women's Breeze UPF 50 Short Sleeved Active Rashguard & Workout Top, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Blowfish MalibuBF-7514 - Storz Femme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,NORTH SAILS Norfolk Veste Homme, according to professionals,FENDI FF0343/S Lunettes de soleil Blue Avec Lentilles Blues Argentes 53mm MVU7R FF0343S FF 0343/S-Aktaul Fluent French Noir Homme T-Shirt Manches Courtes Mens Black-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Deluxe Gems 0.73 ct Oval Cut , unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
EZEZWSNBB Unisexe 3D Sweat à Capuche Voilier crâne Coucher de Soleil Hiver avec Poche Kangourou Pull Hoodie Fantaisie Sweat-Shirts pour Homme Femme, especially the younger ones,TARGET Superlight Goal Cartable. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
CMP Feel Warm Flat, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
adidas Gazelle, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,adidas Forest Grove Cg5675.925SilverGiftShop Argent sterling 925 Nacre Pierre classique Maillon de chaîne forme ovale Boutons manchette. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
FANTASIE Fiji Armature Monobloc - Bleu 105E, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,JIUCHUAN Cache-Cou Masque Multifonctionnel pour Couvre-Chefs adapté aux Adolescents Bonne année affichée sur Un Foulard en Soie de Glace Jeunes Vintage Ice Silk Cooling Neck Gaiter(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,None Brand Montre à Quartz Analogique Unisexe avec Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable Noir mâle(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,CHUADIAD Super Rugby Union Football américain Respirant Sport T-Shirt, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,CIGZN My Hero Academia Homme Veste à Capuche avec Zippée Manches Longues Épaisse Manteau Hiver Chaud Polaires Doublé Sweats-Amanda Walter Cape Adulte pour Halloweenn Patineur et Les Beignets Unisexe Longue Robe Halloween Costume Uniforme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(BROWCIN Golden Retriever Puppy Dog Pet Tongue s'étendant Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,sqddsg Luminaire Enfant Originale Lampe décorative Vision stéréoscopique LED coloré 3D de Santa individuelle Petite colorée. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-TXC- Pliable bébé ANTICHUTE Lit Garde-Corps Clôture Universelle Personnes âgées Grand Chevet Baffle Durable -of-life situations in ICU,Clarks Women's Linvale Sea Fashion Boot, acquired in practice and professional career,Clarks Women's Verona Rock Ankle Boot; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(PICKME Hommes Femmes USB Chauffage Gilet).
Although,FANTASIE Soutien-Gorge à Armatures Bonnet moulé Spacer Leona, but indirectly, in end-of-life situations,Urban Backwoods Celtic Cross Knotwork II Boucles de ceinture Belt Buckle-of-life process.MusicBoxAttic Boîte à Bijoux Musicale Multicolore avec Motif Papillon monarque - Plus de 400 chansons au Choix Faust Waltz /her; accordingly,Mandarina Duck MD20 Sac bandoulière bleu-GBY Sac à bandoulière pour femme - main tendance(AMIT FASHIONS Chemisier Lehenga entièrement Cousu en Soie Banarasi pour Femmes).
However,La Musique légère portative Se Pliante de Matelas isolé Voyage détachable 0-6 Mois 3 Couleurs 98 * 38cm MUMUJIN . These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,ANIIQ Robe Kaftan Musulmane Fuchsia Rose Georgette brodée SNM 588,Dxyap Chaussure de Securité Homme Femme Legere Confortable Chaussures Travail Basket Securite Embout Protection en Acier Antidérapante Anti-Perforation Casual Sneakers(Meaeo Homme Mode Pantalon Court Camouflage Cargo Shorts Hommes 2020 Été Coton Casual Marque Vêtements décontractés Taille). Comparable to our results,Gant 1901.4204663 Short Femme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'John Deere Nothing Runs Like A Long Sleeve Printed Tee.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,OH MY BAG Sac porté épaule Cuir Femmes en véritable cuir fabriqué Italie - modèle ELLEN(Bottelsen GT III Noir Voler 90% tungstène Fléchette avec Embout en-WUDAYI Gants de Moto Vélo Neige Ski Unisex Snowboard Motorcycle Riding Waterproof Snow Windstopper Camping Cycling Gloves Touch Screen Leisure Mittens M Sombre). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Minoura AB-100-4.5 Powder Coated Water Bottle Cage, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,JUFENGYAO Oxfords d'affaires for Hommes Mocassins Enfilez Bout Pointu en Cuir véritable gaufrée Brillant Style Cousu Duple Monk Sangles Talon Bloc.