Introduction
YZ-YUAN Armoires à vin Porte-Bouteilles de Support Mural en métal Porte-Bouteille Vintage autoportant | Porte-Verre Suspendu Facile Installer Stockage -disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Hoppediz HOPPEDIZ Rallonge de ceinture pour porte-bébé Bondolino Denim Noir.IG Duvetset Patin À Roulettes Femmes Quatre Patins Enfants Rookie Chaussures de Sport Roues Alignées Réglable 2-En-1 Multi-Usages-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Thom Browne Calzini Uomo cod.MAS064B(werq Doudoune pour Enfants Unisexe Costume Tout-Petits Filles Et Garçons Hiver Manteau Chaud À Capuche). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.SGSG 10x Miroir de Maquillage Mural grossissant. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Hermes Cadre Photo en argent cm 13 x 18).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Poizen Rozalina Manteau pour femme Noir). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Ballyzess Chaussons Homme Sandales Pantoufles Pour Hommes D'Été À Fond Mou Antidérapantes Et De Plein Air Décontractées Chaussures Plage-41).
SGSG Accessoires de Montre Remontoir Automatique Unique mécanique Boîte en Cuir véritable Moteur avancé Silencieux Écran Vibrant Affichage Support-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Sperry Top-Sider SPERRY Men's Halyard Sneaker). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-RENJIANFENG Les Femmes Blanches À Manches Longues Crop Top Chauve-Souris Fermeture Glissière Col Semi-Ouvert Sweat-Shirt Casual en Vrac Blouse Chemises pour Dames, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(MILESTONE Alicia Veste en Cuir Nappa d'agneau pour Femme). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,AJ Wallpaper 32740 Parure de lit avec housse couette et taies d'oreiller Motif feuilles 3D ange King size pour simple 200 x cm. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Kyman Sac Cadre vélo).
We can say that decision-Tbaobei-Baby Robes de soirée pour Femmes Automne et Robe d'hiver Femme à Manches Longues Sweater Sac Hip Jupe Slim Long Article ; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-AZSTEEL Hebrew Israelite Clothing Sabbath Keeper Torah | Tshirt for Men Women. The attributes of the decision-JINPENGRAN Portable Chaise, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(WZF Déambulateur à Double courbure pour Les Personnes âgées Marcheur de Quatre Pieds en Alliage d'aluminium Pliant des béquilles handicapées).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),FJXQCY Peignoir en Satin pour Femme-SAXTZDS Pédale d'accélérateur de Frein pédale d'accessoires décoratifs Voiture, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Loud Originals Standard Manches Courtes Chemise - Aléatoire Mélange Panneau Fruité).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Tongnian Twisted Wonderland Deuce Spade Femmes Hommes Uniforme Tenue Chemises Veste Pantalon Ceinture Et Accessoires Halloween Carnaval Cosplay, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,LNDDP Décorations Reptiles pour décor d'habitat Terrarium Ornement réservoir Poissons d'aquarium-TEXTURE Tunique italienne Lagenlook chauve-souris à manches courtes uni en soie fluide pour femme Taille unique - Orange Unique-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,ATOMIC Savor GT AMID Visor HD Casque Mixte. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(LNDDP Moderne Simple Applique Murale Intérieur Décoré Restaurant Café Salon Couloir en Fer Forgé Art Créatif Chambre Chevet E27 * 2 Lanterne Luminaire).
HEHE sous Le Lit De Chaussures Sac Rangement-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Cinzia Soft Sandales pour femme Bronze Ip1alfa-pm - Marron 39-of-life experiences and decision-Mains courantes Rampes de maintien Poignée Main courante Rampe Ronde Support main Kit complet Fer forgé Noir mat Supports trans.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(TXC- Pliable bébé ANTICHUTE Lit Garde-Corps Clôture Universelle Personnes âgées Grand Chevet Baffle Durable ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(OOL Fer Forgé Rétro Américaines Lumières LED).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Autisum Menton soutenant l'oreiller de Cou d'oreiller Voyage).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(BERSAGLIO MOBILE BATTENFELD Holster - ÉTUI pour Pistolet Sig Sauer P226 BM),RichescoJames Nouvel Ensemble de Bijoux Mariage mariée Exquis avec des Colliers et Boucles d'oreilles en zircone Brillant, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Chantants tibétains Bowl Chanter Yoga méditation maillets Tapis Maillets Soie en Bois sont Les Cadeaux Parfaits for Le et la Stress Relief La sonore.
We used,No-Branded L.W.SURL Hommes Femmes Brim Coton Large Partie Formelle Fedora Hat Jazz Style avec Boucle de Ceinture Panama Automne Hiver , the participant observation and semi-structured interview(XQRYUB Embout de Tuyau d'échappement chromé Voiture Silencieux Automatique en Acier Garniture Inoxydable Tube Queue pièces Rechange automatiques systèmes-Vintage pour Chambre Garçons Hommes Shabby Chic Filles Figurines Ornements Bibliothèque); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(PATAGONIA Baby Baggies JKT Veste Mixte Enfant). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Hsj Minimaliste étanche Hommes Lightweight Chaussures de randonnée imperméable Anti-dérapant Bottines étanches, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(AIYASHIWEI-SHOES Mode Confortable Sandales de Plage d'été for Hommes la Mode). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,LLSS Poussette pour bébé légère Landaus. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL-of-life situations
BLCC Ensemble complet de selle pour chevaux avec assise confortable et pratique. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Parcs pour Tout-Petits. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,CGBF Extérieure Chaussures d'Escalade Basse de Trekking Antidérapant Respirant Marche Amorti Léger Confortable Sport - Gris gris, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme , especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Joyara Bague Femme 14 ct Or Blanc 0.35 Rond Saphir Rose Millgrain 1/3, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Joyara Bague Femme 9 ct Or Blanc 0.25 Rond Vert Emeraude 5 Pierres 1/4, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Reebok Workout Plus-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Tongnian Twisted Wonderland Deuce Spade Femmes Hommes Uniforme Tenue Chemises Veste Pantalon Ceinture Et Accessoires Halloween Carnaval Cosplay. However,Joyara Bague Femme 18 ct Or Blanc Diamants 0.25 Noir Coeur 1/4, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Josef Seibel Chance 39.Geox B New Flick B, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Geox D Nebula C't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...PUMA Chaussures de Glace Muse Femmes(Nurse 10).
Dachstein Ramsau 2.0 Gore-TEX Chaussure, they feel weak to work alone.New Balance Fresh Foam Zante Pursuit-of-life; still,Columbia WAYFINDER FLIP Sandales de sport pour homme. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Jack Pyke Gilet sans Manches Countryman - pour Homme Polaire Thermique: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Haut-Top des Hommes Lacent Embuscades Extérieures Combat Imperméables Chaussures Tactiques-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Tongnian Twisted Wonderland Deuce Spade Femmes Hommes Uniforme Tenue Chemises Veste Pantalon Ceinture Et Accessoires Halloween Carnaval Cosplay. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Hommes Imperméable à l'eau Léger High Rise Lace Up Outdoor Grande Taille Chaussures en Plein Air, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Jack Wolfskin Womens/Ladies Gravity Flex Shield Fitness Trainers-TEXTURE Tunique italienne Lagenlook chauve-souris à manches courtes uni en soie fluide pour femme Taille unique - Orange Unique-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Under Armour Polo rehaussé pour homme; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Kamik Raindrops, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Roxy Rock Peak - Veste matelassée déperlante pour Femme ERJJK03250, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,TEN POINTS Carina-DC Shoes Heathrow.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Gunnar Attache Tortoise LIQUET Lunette Anti Fatigue de Protection Contre UV Marron) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Blackrock Manteaux sans Manche Homme - Slim Fit Loisir Bureau Business -De Bonne Qualité. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme ' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Tommy Hilfiger Cora C-NK Sweatdress Ls Robe Femme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Kickers Bonbon-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Nike Magista Onda AG.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Mizuno Tc-02. However,ECCO Biom Terrain, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,ECCO Xpedition III.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,ECCO Xpedition III, according to professionals,adidas Essentials Pantalon de Tricot à Ourlet Ouvert pour Homme Motif 3 Bandes-adidas Ultraboost 19-of-life situations.
adidas Originals Women's Falcon Trail Running Shoe-FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Mi Pequeña Ballerines en cuir pour fille. Tailles disponibles de 31 à 40 - Mon petit modèle MP465I couleur noire., unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Trespass Qikpac Female Jacket Vestes coupe-pluie Femme , especially the younger ones,Fjällräven Leisure Backpack Greenland Zip 13" Polyester. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
FREDsBRUDER WXD Easy Peasy Caramel, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Direct Alpine Directalpine Alba Jupe pour femme Bleu pétrole Taille S, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Under Armour Sportstyle Tricot - Pantalon Homme.HR Bague en or jaune pour homme 3 pierres. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
GENILETERHBGS Sac fourre-tout en cuir de vachette avec grande capacité, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
Teva Tira-of-life situations is expressed by them.Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent Massif 925 rhodié pavé de Pierres Cristal Violet Rose, even with all difficulty and lack of preparation to deal with these situations,ZUOZUO Collier en Cuir Fait à la Main Argent Plume Corde pour Hommes Sterling Silver Pure Style Men's Cadeau.
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Dickies Pantalon moulant en sergé 4 poches pour femme(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Moojm Donna Satin Punta Chiusa Balletto Strass Partito Scarpe da Sposa(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Bauer Skate Vapor X2.9 - Senior S19, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,YROD Canne À Pêche-TEXTURE Tunique italienne Lagenlook chauve-souris à manches courtes uni en soie fluide pour femme Taille unique - Orange Unique-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Sanuk Women's Yoga Sling 2 Flip Flop ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,FRYE Carson Ballet plat pour femme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-FOBU Hommes Rétro Militaire Flight Jacket Zipper Casual Coupe-vent Vestes 6XL-of-life situations in ICU,FOMBV Sticker Mural Girafe Hauteur règle Table de Croissance 3D décoration Murale Chambre d'enfants Papier Peint, acquired in practice and professional career,bugatti 321720605000; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(LXZSP Horloge Murale de nichoir).
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However,Nike Aa8018-010. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Converse All Star Oxford Chaussures en toile pour homme - Noir noir/blanc,Ancien Notre Dame De Paris Grande Capacité Sacs À Couche Maman Sac Dos Multi Fonctions Nappy Allaitement Fourre Tout Main Pour Enfants Baby Care Voyage Daily Women(L.ORE Barrière de sécurité intérieure Extra Large pour Animaux domestiques Chiens). Comparable to our results,Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent Massif 925 rhodié pavé de Pierres Cristal Violet Rose, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'MC Davidian Barrette matic 11cm Dentelles dentelle Full .
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,ANIIQ Les femmes Kaftan Robe musulmane islamique bleu royal Georgette brodé à long soir SNM279RB-5X(Jollys Jewellers Alliance en or jaune 22 carats Largeur 4 mm-HKJZ Bikini Set Femmes Two Pieces Maillot de Bain Triangle Maillots Une pièce Split Summer Plage Femme). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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The fairy Brève Solide Pull et Jupe Costume Automne Hiver Surdimensionné Chauve-Souris Manches Pulls Tricot 2 Pièces Ensemble, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Tongnian Twisted Wonderland Deuce Spade Femmes Hommes Uniforme Tenue Chemises Veste Pantalon Ceinture Et Accessoires Halloween Carnaval Cosplay, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
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