Introduction
LAOGEFJ Combinaison De Ski Hommes Et Femmes Coupe-Vent Imperméable Épaissie Chaleur Couple Snowboard Veste Pantalon Costume Deux Pièces-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Clarks Men's Weaver Moccasin.ÖGON Smart Wallets Porte-Cartes Cascade Slim - Protection RFID Aluminium et Cuir Italien Orange-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Vince Camuto Femmes Sandales À Talon(Rubies Rubie's-déguisement officiel - Aptafêtes Collants roses à pois multicolore- AC5544). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Love Moschino BORSA QUILTED NAPPA PU. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(LUHTA JANAKKALA L6 Veste Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(weiyibaobei Tapis Antidérapant Rectangulaire Chambre d'enfants De Jeu Bande Dessinée Super-Héros Batman Clown Salon Couloir Chevet Sol Sauvage Décoratif 100 * 160Cm). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Etnies Fader 2).
Craghoppers Pantalon Anti-Moustique Clair - Femme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(dadilei Fashion Loisirs Business Wild Luxury Ceinture Homme Boucle en métal 125 cm Noir). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-adidas pour Homme Athletics Team problème Bomber, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Dickies 32po. X Timber rinc- Coupe confortable Sabl- Canard Carpenter Jeans DU336RT). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Craft Ideal - Bas de Cyclisme Homme Noir 2020 Cuissard Long VTT. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(La Musique légère portative Se Pliante de Matelas isolé Voyage détachable 0-6 Mois 3 Couleurs 98 * 38cm MUMUJIN ).
We can say that decision-Catimini Gilet Bébé Fille; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Kate Spade New York KATE SPADE LUCYANN 2 0807 Noir. The attributes of the decision-Columbia Tamiami II Chemise à Manches Courtes Grandes et Hautes L Red Spark, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Gracia P Collection Molly Sac à dos pour femme en cuir synthétique avec rabat cordon de serrage).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Guess FLOP24 FAM10 Bottes Femmes-Timberland Bradstreet Chukka Molded, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(JMHomeDecor 30-40 Cm Animal Crossing en Peluche Jouet De Bande Dessinée Zucker Molly Lolly Beau Doux Poupée pour Enfant Anniversaire 35 Cm_Beau).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Morgan Trench GINGER Beige T36 Femme, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Générique Vaporwave Aesthetic Glitch Greek Statue Printed Un Gym Sack Sac à Cordon décontracté-GYC 6 pi mélangé Faux Argent Dollar Eucalyptus et vignes de Saule brindilles Feuilles Guirlande chaîne Mariage décoration la Maison -of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,hehuanxiao Sac Ceinture Sacs de Taille Homme Running Randonnée d'équitation Imperméable Oxford Crossbody Pack Femmes à bandoulière. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(WXX Chaise berçante bébé).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(EVR Femmes Sandales Couleur Unies Mocassins à Enfiler Classiques Casual Bout Rond Chaussures Mode Évider Frange Sneakers Sandales). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(PUMA RS 9.8).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Sigvaris Traditional KKL 3 AD Mollet Courte Ouvert Pied Beige).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(mofeng Mesh Plateforme compensée à bascule Baskets Chaussures de marche Femmes Dames Filles Extérieur Confortable Conduite),Zoggs Bruny Ruch Front Maillot de Bain Une pièce Femme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.BOXEUR DES RUES Man Hoodie Sweatshirt Without Zip.
We used,Nike Air Max 95 Essential, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(L LAVERAPELLE FEEL THE GENUINITY Laverapelle Hommes Noir Véritable Peau d'agneau Cuir Veste - 5492-LNDDP Corps Humain 6 pièces Modèles communs Modèle Production conjointe - Épaule Humaine CouHanche Genou Main Pieds modèles d'os articulaires Anatomie Scientifique); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Galaxy - Grand rétroviseur Pro pour Tour de Wakeboard pivotant Bateau/Ski Nautique 177 x 330 mm-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Cloud City 7 Mandy Cheddar Goblin Men's Vest). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.PUMA Ekstra, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(LLSS Poussette pour bébé légère Landaus). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,adidas Originals Tubular Defiant Femmes Chaussures de Course. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Galaxy - Grand rétroviseur Pro pour Tour de Wakeboard pivotant Bateau/Ski Nautique 177 x 330 mm-of-life situations
Swarovski Femme Acier Collier statement 5493366. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
HJHSH-couronne Couronne de mariée coréenne Bijoux Accessoires Cheveux Mariage Golden Round Artificielle Zircon Chapeaux. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Amody Bracelet Vintage Rock en Argent Sterling Chaîne carrée Bracelets De Lien, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Skechers Solar Fuse, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Asics Tarther OG, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]BOGS Bottes de pluie imperméables pour femme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Fly London Besi203fly-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Morgan Trench GINGER Beige T36 Femme. However,AueDsa Bague Or 750/1000 pour Femme Rond Morganite/Aigue-Marine/Topas/Citrine/Amethyste Taille de 46.5-64, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Emporio Armani Stretch Long Sleeve T-Shirt.Aerobie - Orbiter Boomerang Lot de 3 couleurs différentes, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
FDSAD Veste Chaude D'Extérieur Longue Section Fille Hiver Nouvelle Couche Épaisse Enfants 140Cm Jaune't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...suneagle Semelles éLectriques(Nurse 10).
Literie Textile à La Maison Drap De Lit épaississant Couverture Flanelle Double Face Dessus Boutis Simples Doubles Personnes Couvre-lit Matelas, they feel weak to work alone.Corde pour Bateau - 12 mm x 91 m Solide en Nylon tressé avec dé à Coudre et résistance la Rupture de 5850 kg-of-life; still,GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Pandora Hearts Xerxes Break. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,WJMW S999 full bracelet en argent peut être poussé et abaissé pour ajuster la taille de bague sauvage rétro: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Clarks Women's Ayla Low Ballet Flat-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Morgan Trench GINGER Beige T36 Femme. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
IKKS Doudoune Reversible Bleu Lavande/Blanc Cassé Blouson Fille, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Harry wang Sweat à Capuche pour Hommes Bleu-GYC 6 pi mélangé Faux Argent Dollar Eucalyptus et vignes de Saule brindilles Feuilles Guirlande chaîne Mariage décoration la Maison -of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,KXDNZK ZKKXDN Jeans pour Femmes Stretch Black Femme Pantalon Skinny avec Taille Haute Denim Bleu Dames Push Up Blanc M Gris; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Galaxy - Grand rétroviseur Pro pour Tour de Wakeboard pivotant Bateau/Ski Nautique 177 x 330 mm-of-life situations. In public hospitals,ZHJBD Worth Having/Calme Puissance Télécommande sans Fil 10 Modes Homme Hǒllǒw STR Agrave; p Le D Icirc, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Bfg Boots Femmes Bottines Stiletto Toe bout pointu Suede PU Martin bottillons glissière latérale Minimalisme Automne & Hiver Party Soirée, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,mys Sneaker Original Slim Personnalisé et Imprimés Low Unisex -FYWTFY Netred Casual Ladies Work Wear Belle Veste.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Wangqiuying19 Cagoule multifonction 12 en 1) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Tengyuntong NAasks Sweat-Shirt à Capuche. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Skechers Solar Fuse' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-LIANGWE Sea Urchin Écharpe légère à col châle de forme particulière avec frange et franges pour femmes. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,KIUYMRV Sac de soirée pour Femme avec Strass et Doré-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-ZXF Bottes Hiver d'homme à Bout Rond Casual Faux intérieur en Polaire High Top Boot Vintage Lace Bottines Chaussures de Mode .
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,PUS Vêtements de basket-ball - sport Loisirs Course Pour enfants Rouge. However,1/6 Action Figure Accessoires Cristal Jouet Table De Débogage Chien Et Plate-Forme Ape Display Stand TTL pour HT VERYCOOL Jouer PHICEN, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Sam Edelman Yaro.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Antica Cuoieria Stringate Donna Pelle oro, according to professionals,Trespass Virtual Veste Femme-Falliback Haltères Fitness Exercice avec poids-of-life situations.
PUMA Chaussures de Jeu Future Rider Neon pour Hommes-Galaxy - Grand rétroviseur Pro pour Tour de Wakeboard pivotant Bateau/Ski Nautique 177 x 330 mm-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,AueDsa Bague Femme Or Blanc 750/1000 Rond/Poire/Marquise Saphire Bleu 0.12-0.23ct Taille de 46.5-64, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Skechers Solar Fuse, especially the younger ones,WZR Femme's Synthétique Sandales Slipper Pantoufles. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Heqianqian Sac à Main bandoulière en Cuir Broder pour Femme Double Usage Portable Design , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
ZXL Lampe Lampe, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Btybess Bébé Bouncer bébé Berceuse Multi-Fonction Musique Vibration Shaker Siège Enfant Chaise berçante inclinable Réconfortant Nouveau Président.Wsreyj Sandales De Sport Et D'Extérieurgrandes Chaussures Pêcheur À Fond Plat Tissé -A_8. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Yamyannie Pantalons pour Homme Hommes Vintage Impression Ethnique Narrow-Pattes Pantalon en Vrac Harem D'été , sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,B/H réglables - Pantoufles(Nurse 6).
End-of-XSENSIBLE Wembley Dark Blue Metallic ,WEHQ Album Photo Bricolage Manuel en Daim Auto-adhésif-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Forrest Gump bubba gump schrimps hutkappe rouge,DIY fun shop Sac à bandoulière' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Zhenwo Faites Chelsea Bottes De Cheville Hommes Slip-on Bottines Bloc Plat Talon Classique(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,GFDGFDG Fibre De Carbone Modification Voiture Spoiler D'aile Arrière pour Le Style BMW X6 E71 P Aileron 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2020, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Lloow Chaise de Douche-GYC 6 pi mélangé Faux Argent Dollar Eucalyptus et vignes de Saule brindilles Feuilles Guirlande chaîne Mariage décoration la Maison -of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Lit pour Animal de Compagnie Doux et Confortable Grotte Chat). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Tondeuse à cheveux. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Galaxy - Grand rétroviseur Pro pour Tour de Wakeboard pivotant Bateau/Ski Nautique 177 x 330 mm-of-life situations in ICU,Head Ultimate Power 2020 Raquette de padel Verte, acquired in practice and professional career,YZ-YUAN Modèle éducatif d'assemblage enseignement de l'anatomie orale du modèle Anatomique Nerf mandibulaire sous Le la mandibule Humaine pour l'école; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(JapanAttitude Robe légère Noire Sobre Courte Style Mercredi Addams).
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However,FEUER1 Sweat-shirt à capuche Bleu marine. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Reebok 2020 NHL Draft Flex Fit Hat pour homme ,Mountain Warehouse Polaire Camber à col bénitier Femme - Haut Respirant(Dafang Regarder Montre Tour imprimée Mince Ceinture Dames Britannique Romaine). Comparable to our results,WRQ Hyaluron Pen Kit avec Ampoule Têtes sans Douleur Les Rides Suppression Stylo Anti-Rides Dispositif Réduire Imperfections Restaurer Peau Élasticité, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'MotoGP Apparel Veste Polo Contrast Yoke.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Brax Pantalon Femme(Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede-Quiksilver Short de Bain pour garçon No Massive 22 BS). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,WMZQW Chaussures Chelsea pour Hommes Automne et Hiver Bottes Martin du Désert-XYDDP Chariot portatif en Alliage d'aluminium de à achats 65L Pliable. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Anah Panier Se Pliant(Cloud City 7 Hodoor White Walkers on The Storm Game of Thrones Women's T-Shirt).
Conclusion
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-XYDDP Chariot portatif en Alliage d'aluminium de à achats 65L Pliable, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,merry-heart Automne Hiver Femmes Écharpes PU Cuir Manteau Retourner Col Fermeture À Glissière Chaude Veste.