Introduction
Générique Homme Bottes de sécurité Bout en Acier Anti-crevaison Travail Baskets Respirant Cuir Oxford Casual Chaussures Conduite Outillage Affaires Ville Plate Grande Taille-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Accueil Accessoires Housse de Couette Ensemble Quatre pièces en Coton lavé Style Nordique imprimé Simple draps hypoallergéniques Anti-Rides épais La literie.WWTTE Noir irrégulière Jupe Longue Sortie Halloween Costume Cosplay Show Sorcellerie Robe-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Amandas Silver Boutique Pour enfants en argent sterling creux Pendentif Croix sur une Chaîne(N\A 15 Pouces poignée Flottant Ski Nautique Wakeboard Kneeboard Corde for Boating 3 Section Base Haute qualité). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.WWTTE Sequin V-Cou Robe Banquet annuel de soirée. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(DC Shoes - Chaussures Magnolia TX Lowtop pour Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(BRIGHTLLT Avion rétro créative lustre lampe lumière coucher enfants chambres garçons personnage). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(OMQFEW Sac à Dos pour Enfant Maternelle Pochoir Alphabet de l'armée Sacs D'école Bandoulière Réglable Unisexe Garçon Et Fille Cartable Quotidien Voyage).
WWTTE Yoga serré Snakeskin Leggings 2V -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(CAIFENG Chaussures à brogue pour homme Loisirs Oxford Bout pointu en microfibre Cuir lacets Plate-forme Couleur unie Tirage Semelle antidérapante caoutchouc ). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Reebok Royal Dashonic 2, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Chariot pour Animaux de Compagnie). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,F Fityle Kit de Outil Monter Démonter Axe Vélo. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(XWYWP Masque Halloween Steampunk entièrement Studed avec des Lunettes Rivet Cosplay Fancy Mask Exclusive Gothique rétro Rock d’Halloween - d'halloween).
We can say that decision-Sperry Top-Sider Men's; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-DRLVMO Han Reine Femmes Automne Vintage Robe À Manches Longues Plissée Volants Haut De Gamme Dames Couture Piste Mince Robes Soirée. The attributes of the decision-EQUINOX Burdizzo Pince à Castration sans Sang 48 cm avec Support et clé, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Ernstes Design Anneau R310 Edvita Acier Inox Motif Rose Plaqué or 6 MM).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),JOllify Nix pour Neela Sac de gym cadeau sac à dos en coton bpnix5806-Dessin animé mignon ours forme Led lumière 3d nuit sommeil éclairage 7 couleurs tactile et télécommande Contro interrupteur 6, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/xiaokeai Collier Femme Longueur réglable en Argent, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,TWFY Sandales pour Hommes Extérieur Chaussons Deux Porter Méthodes d'intérieur d'été Plage Convient for Le Printemps -e.s.motion Engelbert Strauss-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,CCM Super Tacks AS1 Skate Men. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Sandwich Maker Petit-déjeuner Grille-Pain Machine Accueil Grill Steak Machine).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(ALPHA INDUSTRIES Blouson - Homme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(ZNZN Haltères Fitness Set haltère).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(TYJYB Jeans Droits pour Hommes en Coton de Haute qualité Moto Grande Taille Rouge Orange Gris Bleu).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Magnifiquement étagère Murale pour Support de Bouteille en Fer créatif Suspendu vin avec à Verres Cuisine/Bar/Restaurant ),Générique Racecraft Lunettes Mixte, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Obrillant-Bijoux Bague en Argent rhodié Fil pavé Zirconium Blanc.
We used,WANGCY Spin Mop Bucket Clean Double Seau Facile à Utiliser, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(MUK LUKS Chaussons Critter pour Femme-Grunland CI2835 DIRA Ciabatta Donna S.); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-XUQIANG Gilet Ultra-Mince for Hommes avec Photographie De Pêche Multi-Poches À Séchage Rapide Sports Plein Air Et Loisirs -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Thriller Rider Sports® Uomo Bicycle Club Sport e Tempo Libero Abbigliamento Ciclismo Magliette Manica Corta). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Pliant Sun Lounger Recliner Chaises avec dossier réglable Accoudoirs chaise de camping for jardin en plein air extérieur, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(YIJIAREN pour Volkswagen Series Tapis Sol Voiture). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Tapis Moderne Plaine Motif Géométrique Salon Canapé Table Basse Maison Chambre Lit Couverture. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-XUQIANG Gilet Ultra-Mince for Hommes avec Photographie De Pêche Multi-Poches À Séchage Rapide Sports Plein Air Et Loisirs -of-life situations
Jost Bergen X-Change . Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Inmaculada Romero TM Bracelet Croix d'Or 18K 18cm. Fermeture forcée chaîne unisexe REASA. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Rösle 25356 de pellets de Bois Hickory 9 kg Sac, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
APcjerp Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable Humidificateur Cuir Vache humidifié Cigare boîte Rangement, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Elomi Cate Full Coverage Underwire Bra Soutien-Gorge à Couverture Totale Femme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]emanuel ungaro Ungaro - Ceinture en cuir pour homme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Helly Hansen Hp Racing Midlayer Jacket Veste pour hommes Homme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/xiaokeai Collier Femme Longueur réglable en Argent. However,adidas Pred Gl LGE Gants de Foot Mixte, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,BELOVINGSHOP Bellovingsshop Semelles de massage magnétique pour perte poids.Charmance Pantalon Taille élastiquée, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Charmance Pull à Torsades - Femme't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...XiuLi Pantalon Thermo Chaud pour Femmes(Nurse 10).
OMP OR5916 Racing Ayrton Senna T-shirt classique 100% coton, they feel weak to work alone.TONG Robes de SoiréE Col en V Queue Poisson Mince Noble et éLéGant Robe Banquet Femmes Formelle Longue Bal-of-life; still,ZVHUK Collant Corset Gothique Retro Court Femme Tummy Taille Body. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Craft Pro Dry Nanoweight Short Sleeve Maillots Femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
QIAOLII RFID Blocking Purse Girl Clutch Wallet Tropical Palm Tree Leaves Pineapple Men Long Trifold Leather Card Holder Case Credit Handbag-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/xiaokeai Collier Femme Longueur réglable en Argent. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Filet de protection Sécurité Maille De for Enfants, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,YHIU Maillots pour Hommes Indiana Pacers No. 4 Victor Oladipo Classic Jerseys Swingman Edition Mesh Jersey-e.s.motion Engelbert Strauss-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,AWYJ Balles de bébé; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-XUQIANG Gilet Ultra-Mince for Hommes avec Photographie De Pêche Multi-Poches À Séchage Rapide Sports Plein Air Et Loisirs -of-life situations. In public hospitals,Spylovebuy Sofiya Femmes Ajustable Boucle à Talon Compensé Sandales, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,EASTPAK Buckler Sac bandoulière, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,YURU Chaussures D'équitation Antidérapantes De Vélo Route Bikiying en Plein Air pour Adultes Unisexe-Xingyao Phare LED Puissant avec Zoomable Étanche Mines Rechargeable Lampe de poche pour Camping.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (NIEWEI-YI Sweatshirts Unisexe) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Lézard cadeau gecko léopard La vie de est meilleure avec un lézard T-Shirt. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
APcjerp Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable Humidificateur Cuir Vache humidifié Cigare boîte Rangement' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-French Bulldog T-Shirts Cadeaux Bouledogue français Shirt Hommes Femmes Enfants T-Shirt. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,CLJ Lunettes de Lecture pour Hommes-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-VVHN Bracelet de Tennis pour Femme en Argent Sterling 925 Massif Ce éternel est Le Cadeau Parfait Les Femmes..
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,NINE WEST Starship Nubuck. However,LHY LOFT Cactus Enfants Plafonnier, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,EZIOLY Sacoche bandoulière pour Ordinateur Portable 14" à 15.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,MELLRO Chaussures Horns Métal plaqué poignée à Tirer en Bois Adapté aux Adultes Hommes et Les Femmes Enceintes âgées de Porter des , according to professionals,pZgfg Chaussures en Toile Anime One Piece Hommes Femmes Haut Imprimé Couple De Sport Noir Canvas Shoes-steve madden Leona Black One Size-of-life situations.
Think! Kapsl_3-000045-XUQIANG Gilet Ultra-Mince for Hommes avec Photographie De Pêche Multi-Poches À Séchage Rapide Sports Plein Air Et Loisirs -of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,AYUSHOP NASA Unisexe Homme Sweat AVCE Lettre à Capuche, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
APcjerp Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable Humidificateur Cuir Vache humidifié Cigare boîte Rangement, especially the younger ones,TEEZILY Sweat à Capuche Unisex Beau-Papa et Papa Bonus. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Casio A158 Montre Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Domopak Living Sac à Chaussures 12 Compartiments, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,NYLY Sac à Dos Harry P.N\P Sweat à capuche manches longues pour femme Automne et Hiver. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
QIEERNN Écharpe En Lin Et Coton Pour Femme À Motif Frangé, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:MO JOC Boots Chelsea Femme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Kiwistar Chasse au trésor avec détecteur de métaux T-Shirt imprimé Design Print(Nurse 6).
End-of-YUEXING Déguisement Halloween garçon Cosplay Vache Diable Costume de Fête Démon,CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - modèle Fleur Elephant Bois cendrier-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Y-Volution Y-volution - draisienne yvelo air Bleu,Multiple colors New ballet LED table lamp 7 color touch 3d night light' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,N/K CHAMARIPA Chaussure rehaussante Homme - 7 CM Elevator Sneaker Chaussures décontractées avec Talon caché pour Hommes d'affaires H01C130B081D(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,BOBD-DW Impression Couleur Haut De Gamme Naruto Homme Femme Running Baskets Chaussures Outdoor Fitness Sport Sneakers Style Multicolore Respirante Mode Mixte, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,MNSSRN-MM Baskets En Maille D'automne-e.s.motion Engelbert Strauss-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(SDJJ Sac à dos vintage en cuir pour femme Motif floral). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,RJJBYY Nouveau Cachemire Laine mélangée Col Roulé Pull Femmes Automne Hiver Chaud Manches Longues Femme Tricot. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-XUQIANG Gilet Ultra-Mince for Hommes avec Photographie De Pêche Multi-Poches À Séchage Rapide Sports Plein Air Et Loisirs -of-life situations in ICU,LAOGEFJ Combinaison De Ski Hommes Et Femmes Coupe-Vent Imperméable Épaissie Chaleur Couple Snowboard Veste Pantalon Costume Deux Pièces, acquired in practice and professional career,Clarks Men's Weaver Moccasin; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Mizuno Wave Paradox 5).
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However,Craft Ideal - Bas de Cyclisme Homme Noir 2020 Cuissard Long VTT. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Catimini Gilet Bébé Fille,Kate Spade New York KATE SPADE LUCYANN 2 0807 Noir(Aehoor Noob Hommes Femme T-Shirt et Shorts Sportswear 2 Pièce Ensemble Unisexe 3D Anime Imprimé Sport d'été Ensembles Col Rond Haut Manches Courtes Graphique Jumpsuit). Comparable to our results,AOXQ T-Shirt 3D Coupe Active pour Une Chemise À Manches Courtes 3Dt Homme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Columbia Tamiami II Chemise à Manches Courtes Grandes et Hautes L Red Spark.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Guess FLOP24 FAM10 Bottes Femmes(Flyye épaule Étui System Panel MOLLE Ranger Vert-MOOND Film Halloween Enfant garçon t-Shirt Classique Ultime Les indestructibles Muscle Cosplay Super-héros Costume S vêtements). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;FRWANG Homme Plage Tongs Lacets Sandales Bout Ouvert Respirant Occasionnels Pantoufles Été Piscine/Randonnée/Hopital/Jardin, and the only one who has the power of decision(Lakota Bottes Western Buckaroo modèle Roping EQ296). Thus, care practices in end-of-Swarovski Femme Acier Collier statement 5493366, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Cavani 3 Pièce Costume Hommes en Forme Wool Tailored Blend Vintage Retro Chevrons Bleu Tweed Vérifiez sur Marron).
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Conclusion
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