Introduction
Under Armour Essential-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,WOCTP Outdoor bag.Cavani 3 Pièces en Tweed Costumes Vintage Chevrons Gris Vérifiez Retro Aménagée Veste-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Clarks Kinzie Light(hehuanxiao Sac Ceinture Sacs de Taille Homme Running Randonnée d'équitation Imperméable Oxford Crossbody Pack Femmes à bandoulière). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Floris van Bommel Pompon Casual DarkBlue Suede. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Bike Combinaisons Cyclistes d'été à Manches Longues pour Hommes Le vélo de Plein air).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Support Entrainement Vélo Rouleau Intérieur Formateur Cycle Pliable Entraîneur De Résistance Stand D'entraînement pour l'exercice en intérieur). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(YXZQ Accueil Deco Suspension Creative Lustre Globe Métal Creux Rétro Plafonnier).
The North Face Women's Aphrodite Motion Capri-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(MTX Ltd Vintage Etnico Ricamo Lana Femminile Caldo Fiore Lunga Sciarpa Autunno e Inverno All'Aperto Multifunzionale Fgreyion Tendenza Selvaggio Scialle Dono Sciarpa). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-mingliang Bottes Tactiques pour Hommes, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(lepni.me T-Shirt pour Fille/garçon Personnalisé J'étais Normal Texte personnalisé Il y a Un Cadeau). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,EVR Femmes Sandales Couleur Unies Mocassins à Enfiler Classiques Casual Bout Rond Chaussures Mode Évider Frange Sneakers Sandales. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(DOUCAL'S Chaussures - Noir).
We can say that decision-EVR Chaussons pour Femme en Fausse Fourrure 2020 Mode Pantoufles Bout Ouvert IntéRieur et ExtéRieur Velu Chaussons; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-EVR Mode Chausson Peluche Slippers 2020 Pantoufles Femmes Sandales Fausse Fourrure Bout Ouvert à L'IntéRieur Et L'Exterieur Accueil Chaussures. The attributes of the decision-EVR Pantoufle Femme 2020 Mode Chausson Peluche Chaud Slippers Indoor Furry extérieur Fourrure Sandal Bout Ouvert Accueil Chaussures, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Sculpture De Papier Ombre One Piece Night Light 3D Stereo Paper Sculptant Led Veilleuse À Économie D'Énergie).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),EVR Correction Sandale D'été Chaussures Orthopédique Respirante Peep Toe Bunion Splint Pantoufles Soulagement De La Douleur Femmes Compensees Extérieur Plage Voyage Pantoufles-Dare 2b Femmes acquérir II T-Shirt, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Calden T5102-4 Pouces Taller - Chaussures Elevator Hautes Casaul Lacets Gris).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Cherry Blossom Couverture légère et confortable pour le salon, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,MRATME Veste Femme vers Le Bas d'hiver à Capuchon Manteau Coupe-Vent de Montagne isolé Capuche Slim Fit Jacket Court-vêtement Chaud Oreille-IUBBKI Lauryn Hill sac à langer dos étanche multifonction bébé sacs maternité Durable grande capacité pour maman papa voyage soins-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Regatta Pack It Jkt Iii Veste imperméable Homme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Nike Quest 3).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Studio Untold Femme Grandes Tailles Jupe plissée). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Geox D724DA Phyteam Chaussures de sport pour femme basses à lacets avec talon compensé caché dans la chaussure).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(LEYOUDIAN Chariot à Deux Roues en Aluminium Pliant Bagages Panier).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Yingm Écharpe Mode Femme Gris Châle d'hiver Long et épais Idéal for Garder Foulard Chaud Dames Cadeaux Et Douillet Quand ),Anastasia Beverly Hills - Veste Courte rembourrée pour Femme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Peak Mountain Doudoune Femme ARES-Marine-XL.
We used,teesquare1st Men's Martin Luther King Jr - Darkness Grey Sweatshirt, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Ysswjzzzz Masque d'halloween-JHSHENGSHI Support de Pot Plante Jardin à 3 Niveaux , Présentoir d'herbes Fleurs Terrazzo in Ferro battuto soggiorno contenitore per Interno Conteni); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Dr Stuarts | Tranquility 2 x 4 15 bags). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.NO LOGO X-Baofu, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(SAXTZDS Pédale d'accélérateur de Frein pédale d'accessoires décoratifs Voiture). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Smartwool PhD Lumière extérieure Micro. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche -of-life situations
Filet de sécurité pour enfants. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
CHENDX Chaussures. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Think! Comoda_3-000089, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,One Man Show Bracelet Acier doré Forme allongée ornée d'un carré en émail Noir , received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Jouailla Bracelet PERLAS LATINAS perles de verre rouge, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;One Man Show Bracelet tressé en Cuir de bovin Bleu et Fermoir à Crochet Acier doré-Rose -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Cherry Blossom Couverture légère et confortable pour le salon. However,Jouailla Bracelet médaille motif pieds émail rose et argent 925/1000 rhodié , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Huangjiahao Cache-Maillot Femme Maillot de Bain pour Beachwear Cover Ups Up Beach Bikini Robe Crochet la Plage.Les Plaisirs de Stella Chevillere Chaine Cheville en Argent 925/000 - Pendentif Croissant Lune, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
CM Sandale Talon carré Femme Fashion 9CM Sangle Ajustable Chaussure Noire Tendance Mode France't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...WSGZH Cyclisme Masculin Et Féminin Landau 16 Pouces De Vélo Montagne 5-8 Ans Cadre Tempered Tricycle for Enfants(Nurse 10).
YI'HUI Tapis Roulant, they feel weak to work alone.Empty Accessoires de Cheveux Croix Femmes Dame Bande Mode Cerceau Haute qualité Bandeau Couleur Unie-of-life; still,HWXDH Orthèse de Cheville Genou , Cuisse Veau Support Compression Fixation Jambe Manches Respirantes réglables pour déchirure Musculaire Femmes Hommes. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,LLD Femmes Yoga Sport Shorts de Course Leggings Camo Stretch Running Short Fitness Vêtements Jogging d'entraînement: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
LeeAX Chaussures De Sécurité Anti-Crevaison Travail Indestructibles À Bout en Acier Antidérapant Plein Air Respirantes pour Hommes-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Cherry Blossom Couverture légère et confortable pour le salon. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
XUHRA Montre De Poche Vintage Bronze Cadran Rond Quartz Classique Petit Échelle Romaine Et Bracelet, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Orchid Jewelry Naturel Améthyste-IUBBKI Lauryn Hill sac à langer dos étanche multifonction bébé sacs maternité Durable grande capacité pour maman papa voyage soins-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche -of-life situations. In public hospitals,YDHG Robe De Princesse pour Enfants Filles en Dentelle Jupe Fleur Design Simple Et Généreux , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,ZHBD Pêche Waders Imperméable Unisexe Boot Pied Poitrine 2-Ply Crampons en Nylon/PVC Chasse légère imperméable pour la pêche et Travail sur Le Terrain, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,HaiDean Pantalons pour Homme Pantalon Jambe Couleur Droite Unie Casual Moderne Tablier avec Poches Facile De Loisirs Mode Sport Fitness Polyvalent L'Automne Au Printemps-GFBVC Costume de danse contemporaine Danse du ventre Jupe femme parfaite for le spectacle costume indienne pratique Clothe.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (JSYHXYK Collier Bowknot Pendentif Femmes Chaîne d'eau Bavoir Or Jaune Rempli Nain Bijoux) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,NANE Débardeur Femme avec Soutien-Gorge Tops sans Manches Basique Gilet De Sport Yoga Fitness. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-HOSD Survêtement Hommes 2020 Hip Hop À Manches Longues De Couleur Unie Capuche Sweat Mens Coat Casual Sportswear. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,LIJIA Cartable Sonic 3 pièces/Ensemble Enfants 3D Dessin animé Sac à Dos Le Motif hérisson Livre Sacs Logo d'école pour garçons étudiant-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-XHH Creative Country Style Fer De Chevet/Fer Pendule Horloge Bureau .
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Barrière De Sécurité Pour Bébé Escalier Clôture Extra Large Animaux Compagnie Chien Jardin En Métal Ajustée à Pression Avec Porte Fermetur. However,lepni.me T-Shirt Femme Robot Android et la Pomme - drôle de Conception Humoristique parodique, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,lepni.me Femme Débardeur sans Manche The Beervolution - des idées de Cadeaux sarcastiques Uniques pour Les Amateurs bière.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Fbestxie Faux Seins Mastectomie Silicone Artificielle Enhancer Prothèse Mammaire pour Personnes Transgenres, according to professionals,LALABIT Chaussettes athlétiques respirantes Hommes haute performance long tuyau de ski for faire du vélo Trekking Alpinisme Ski Snowboard froid Randonnée épaississantes-D.A.T.E. Sneaker in Pelle Donna cod.W331FGPHBK-of-life situations.
KCSds Bobo perruque de cheveux courts-Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche -of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,CNC ZTTO 11Vitesse Roue Libre Cassette, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Rideaux occultants pour porte de patio - Décoration d'hiver surréaliste avec pics haute montagne et pin enneigé Dos thermique Panneau simple 160 x 213 cm Pour en verre B, especially the younger ones,DYecHenG Boîte de Montre 10 Bit Affichage à Bijoux Bracelet Finition for la Maison Stockage pour Stocker et Afficher . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
yunyu Montre de Poche pour Homme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
adidas Originals Midiru Court Mid W, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Warm-Breeze Bureau de Voyage soulager la Douleur au Cou en Forme U Doux à Trois Doigts sur Une Branche Verte Oreiller Mousse mémoire.New Balance 420v1. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Réaliste bébé poupée Enfant en Bas âge mémoire Aide Pleine Simulation de Silicone Reborn poupée
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,adidas Munchen Bakset Mode Homme(Nurse 6).
End-of-Disney Bandoulière Mickey The Blogger,MO JOC Boots Chelsea Femme-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Clarks Sharon Noel,Mikowoo Hiver Echarpe Femme Chaude Wool Foulards Couleur Unie Scarf Glands Châles Elégant Long Wrap Grande Etoles' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Saucony Cohesion 12 Men(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Cloud City 7 Baywatch What Would Mitch Do Dwayne The Rock Johnson Women's T-Shirt-of-life,Cherokee Haut coloré coupe enveloppée CK608.adidas Originals Ozweego, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Champion 112418 F19 KK001 NBK Jogger Femme Noir, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.YUHEN LED Chaussures.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,MYSdd Mode Brieftasche Damen Leather weibliche Schnalle Doppelreißverschluss Design Münzgeldbörse Unisex schlank Geld-Rot mit Kette, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Kanna Shoes Sandalia CUÑA Basket Kaki-IUBBKI Lauryn Hill sac à langer dos étanche multifonction bébé sacs maternité Durable grande capacité pour maman papa voyage soins-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(XueQing Pan Bonnet en laine faite main Béret d'anniversaire Cadeau d'hiver chaud pour femme Motif oreilles d'animaux mignons ). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Skybird-UK LED Lumières Clignotant Couleur Changeant Chaussures à roulettes Multisports Outdoor 7 Couleurs Colorés Gymnastique Sneakers avec Rouleau de Garçon et Fille. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Filet de Camouflage De for La Chasse Tournage Pêche -of-life situations in ICU,WWTTE Noir irrégulière Jupe Longue Sortie Halloween Costume Cosplay Show Sorcellerie Robe, acquired in practice and professional career,Amandas Silver Boutique Pour enfants en argent sterling creux Pendentif Croix sur une Chaîne; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(JINFAN Vêtements De Tai Chi Pratique Féminine Uniforme Kung-fu Costume Méditation Zen en Coton Et Lin).
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The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,xiaokeai Collier Femme Longueur réglable en Argent(IUBBKI sac à main fleurs brillant en cuir véritable fourre-tout Rivet bandoulière poignée supérieure femmes-Autocollant D'Art De Mur Sexy 57 * 95Cm Chambre De Vinyle Velma Scooby Doo). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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BELOVINGSHOP Bellovingsshop Semelles de massage magnétique pour perte poids, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-Sperry Top-Sider Men's. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,Charmance Pantalon Taille élastiquée-DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide.
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,XiuLi Pantalon Thermo Chaud pour Femmes.