Introduction
ANSUINY Montres pour Hommes-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles.Superga 2730-sueu-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme(HEHE sous Le Lit De Chaussures Sac Rangement). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.LAURA VITA Vicvianeo. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(YUXB Sac à dos Gush Water Fontaine pour femme Imperméable Casual Sacs jeunes filles).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(PICTO Montre analogique à quartz pour femme Blanc Rose Taille unique). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(modamoda de Ital Grand Sac à bandoulière en cuir Shopper T165).
Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Antica Cuoieria Stringate Donna Pelle oro). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(SanDisk 64 Go microSD HC XC microSDXC Class 10 Carte mémoire 64 G ). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(IUBBKI et sacs à main pour femmes peinture la Butterly poignée personnalisée en cuir PU Rivet Portable impression de mode étanche W).
We can say that decision-Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey. The attributes of the decision-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(airtrack gymnastique10cm / 20cm Haut Air Track 3M/4M/5M/6M/7M/8M/9M/10M /11M/12M Tapis de Gym Gonflable Piste Gymnastique Tumbling avec Pomp a air).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves-Betts Buddy Cast Net, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(FxsD Cigar Cabinet).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir-Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Nike 828407-602. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(ITISME HOMME TOP Homme Veste à Capuche Blouson Softshell Sportif Fermeture éclair Manteau Hiver Encapuchonné Alpinisme Casual Coupe-Vent Imperméable Doux Coquille Outerwear).
HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver -disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.adidas Senseboost Go M-of-life experiences and decision-5.11 Packable Jacket Homme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(CHOUCHOU Cendrier pour cigares - modèle Fleur Elephant Bois cendrier). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Ballyzess Chaussures pour Piscine Et Plage Homme De D'Été Sandales Décontractées Hommes-47).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(GSFDHDJS Cosplay Bottes Chaussures for Pandora Hearts Xerxes Break).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Yxxc Barrières de sécurité pour bébé Porte clôture à Fermeture Automatique Une Main),Festina Horloge F20439/1, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon.
We used,BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Columbia Men's Bridge to Bluff Pant-Hamilton & Young Katy Craig Paire de boucles d'oreilles pendantes avec améthyste véritable); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(QFYD FDEYL Chausson Fermeture Scratch pour Personne Âgée). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Spiral Direct Lycos Wings-Lace Layered Cap Sleeve Top Black T-Shirt Femme). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme-Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage-of-life situations
Big25cm Club de Football la Ligue!Costume d'entraînement Veste Sport Casual Costume Hommes. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Anime Destin/Grand Ordre Ishtar Halloween Robe De Soirée Ensemble Complet Femmes Cosplay Costume. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,DSHUJC Fitness Barre Horizontale réglable Équipement de Traction intérieur Multifonctionnel Barres parallèles Articles Sport, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Converse Jack Purcell, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Asics Netburner Professional FF Femmes Chaussure Tennis EU 37 - US 6-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit. However,Skechers Street Downtown-Fashion Kourts Baskets pour femme, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme .CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique 't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte(Nurse 10).
HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu, they feel weak to work alone.Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock-of-life; still,Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,pillowcase Guirlande d'eucalyptus Artificielle 50 CM Porte d'entrée de décoration fête Mariage-Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Art I Breathe; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Katana Sac bandoulière Noir, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,steve madden Liv Bootie , we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros-Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Asics Dynablast) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Geox B New Gulp ABX C.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre. However,Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,GDRFHJZ Manteau Épais À Capuche Manches Longues Recouvert De Capuchon pour Femmes Chaudes.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies, according to professionals,Lillian Rose Bride Tote-ZTYD Corps métal Jumelles 12x42-of-life situations.
WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur, especially the younger ones,FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
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Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Baggallini Sac à main pour femme.4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:RYKA Dévotion pour femme
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,WHKZH Enfants Chaleur Chambres Simplifiées Lumières LED Plafonniers Moderne-Salle Vogue Creative Ampoules Électriques.(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Gabor Bottes Chelsea pour femme Semelle amovible(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Deerhunter Strike Gilet Motif Feuille-of-life,Stonefly Truman Calf Print.Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.adidas Solar Glide St 19 W.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Docooler Sourcingbay Portable Réchaud de Camping, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte-Maier Sports Oberjoch Pantalon Fonctionnel pour Homme-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Nine West Women's Gramercy Bermuda Short). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Helly Hansen Short. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage-of-life situations in ICU,SALOMON XA Pro 3D V8 GTX W, acquired in practice and professional career,Kyman Sac Cadre vélo; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Scarpa R-Evo Trek GTX).
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However,Beco Maillot de Bain 2 pièces pour Femme Bonnet c Power of Nature. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27,albena Marokko Galerie 29-105 Sella marocain Panier Feuilles de Palmier/poignées en Cuir Taille: L 40 cm/H 28 cm/B 15 cm Naturel(Xing zhe XZ Boîte à cigares en Bois de cèdre Portable modèle Crocodile Cuir Cigare humidor Ensemble Accessoires Fumeurs ). Comparable to our results,DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'X-Toy 1/72 Fighter Modèle en Plastique.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Pull Joyeux Noël Heureux Nouveau Cuir Cartable College Sac A Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole(COMPRESSPORT Winter-socken Chaussettes Homme-MAXIUXEE Pour femme Afrique Lacets Tissu). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide-Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable(Tents 4 Coin avec poteaux en Bois Massif).
Conclusion
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Rebecca Minkoff Sac à main pour femme, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,find. Marque Amazon - Crossover Block Heel Leather.