Introduction
Clarks Women's Ada Mist Sandal-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Clarks Women's Ada Mist Sandal.Comedy Shirts T-shirt pour femme avec inscription en allemand "Der letzten Wagen ist Immer EIN Kombi" - Noir XXXL-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Walking Cradles Étui pour femme - Beige taupe(Minnetonka Leopard Kilty). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Aqua Marina sac marin - Imperméable à l'eau. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Pot pour Enfants Toilettes).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Thomas Sabo Femme argent fin Sans objet Porte-clés). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Redbridge Veste en cuir Homme Faux Leather Jacket Noir Hommes Col montant Equipé Mince Fit).
WDDBJN Bikini/Maillots de Bain/Natation/Plage/Extérieur/Cadeaux/Fendue/Maillots Bain/Femme/Trois pièces/Bikini/Jupe Boxer Concealer Petite Poitrine Rassembler Spa/Maillots Bain/-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(adidas Performance Cloudfoam VENTILATION Mid Basketball Shoe). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-AZSTEEL Funny Hiking Hiker Camping Camper Outdoors Men Women T-Shirt | for Comfortable Fit Wearable Anywhere, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(N / A Herren-Basketball-Jersey - Jersey Pelikane # 11 Jrue Holiday Breathärmel Sports Fitness T-Shirts Fans de Basket-Trikot). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,ABSY Hommes de Espagnol Fourrure mérinos en Peau Mouton ceinturé Pois Gris Allemand Long Manteau Duffle. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Sakkas Tête d'aigle et Fleur de Lys en Relief Argent métallique Manches Courtes Col Rond Coton T-Shirt Fashion Homme).
We can say that decision-Diy Barber shop autocollant vinyle imperméable papier peint Home Decor pour les chambres d'enfants bricolage Pvc décoration de la maison accessoires-25x30 cm; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Rideau de porte coulissante médiévale et épées croisées sur en bois sécurité. The attributes of the decision-Wellcoda Masque Samouraï Art Fantaisie Homme T-Shirt à col en V Masque Graphique, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(lepni.me Femme Débardeur sans Manche Evolution du Motocross équipement de Moto Tout-Terrain Vêtements Course).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Generic Photo encadrée 8x10 - Dédicacée par Gloria Estafan-AZSTEEL Classic Horror Movie T Shirts - Black & White Ghoul Shirt| T-Shirt for Men Women Comfortable Fit Wearable Anywhere, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(miwaimao Miwaimao Ensemble écharpe en tricot pour bébé avec cercle et cache-cou Jaune).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/westAce Pantalon Denim pour Hommes Moulant Extensible 98% Coton et 2% Stretch, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,CRAZE Premium Advent Calendar 28186 Jouets de l'avent 2020 DINOREX Calendrier Noël des Dinosaures pour Les garçons avec Un Contenu créatif-Marvel Deadpool Black Horse of The Apocalypse Men's Hooded Sweatshirt-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Onistuka Tiger Mexico 66. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(glstkrrn E90 Sweatshirt).
KRÜGER 091501-0-0008 Gilet traditionnel pour homme Bleu - Gris 56 cm-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.YJWSPD Manteau d'hiver Hommes à Double en Laine pour l'automne-Hiver Veste camouflage homme-of-life experiences and decision-QWERTY Femmes Taille Body Trainer Shapers Modeling Ceinture Amincissante Bracelet en Acier Boned Postpartum Bande Sexy Bustiers Corsage Corsets Cinchers Formateur.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Réaliste Reborn Babies Memory Aids Simulation Silicone Baby Doll 22"for Child Age 3 Toys). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Gianni Kavanagh Black Valid Nation Polo T-Shirt Homme).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(WXH SLL- Mesdames Bottes de Neige Dames Plein air Douce et Chaussures Warm Confortables Garder au Chaud ).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(IUBBKI Jackie & Hyde dessin animé sac à langer dos maman grande capacité élégant Durable étanche multifonction voyage),SATINIOR 4 Pièces Turbans pour Femmes Doux Turban Plissé Noué à la Mode Bonnet Headwrap Chapeau de Sommeil, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.GUANTO MMA BLITZ - 24531 7.
We used,Sperry Top-Sider Women's Seaport Boat Shoe, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(CFY Triple Extérieure Andes Hommes Et Femmes Couples Modèles Deux Ensembles de Vêtements d'alpinisme Grande Taille-Rossignol Pantalon de Ski Homme); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Kappa Britannia Authentic Veste Homme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(WEIYI BO Mens Cotton T-Shirts Mr.Deer Graphics Summer Short Sleeve Tops Tees). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.FACAI Corset, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(In:sole Insole Sexy Talon Haut). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Vero Moda Vmvictoria Ls Short Blazer Noos Veston Femme. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-Kappa Britannia Authentic Veste Homme-of-life situations
Marc Cain Collections Dress Robe Femme. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Aofur Robe - Trapèze Manches Courtes Femme. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,yangyangyang Voyage réveil Chevet numérique avec Port de Charge USB LED veilleuse colorée Lumineux Affichage Multifonction Interrupteur Tactile muet L1372, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Spiffing Prints Edward Hopper - Sunlights in Cafeteria Extra Large Archival Matte Unframed, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,HANYF Boutons de Manchette pour Hommes, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Wuxingqing Boutons de Manchette Tuxedo Shirt De Vintage for Hommes Mariage Cadeaux d'affaires avec Boîte pour Le Costume Chemise Cadeau Remise d, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Orient Watch FAA02002D9 Montre Homme Automatique-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/westAce Pantalon Denim pour Hommes Moulant Extensible 98% Coton et 2% Stretch. However,XYDDP Boîte de Montre en Cuir , Présentoir/Coffret/Boîte Rangement pour Montres à Bijoux Collection Bracelets 3 grilles présentation, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Guohailang Miroirs vélo Vélo Pliable en Acier Inoxydable Rearview Mirror Convient for Les vélos de Montagne Plus Mountain Route Cyclisme .QINGQING Dragon Ball Z Esprit Figures Bombe LED Night Lights Goku Action Lampe Bleue, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Snapper Rock Maillot de Bain pour Fille Motif Cheetah Frill Bleu't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...MASCOT WORKWEAR Mascot Laguna Pantalon de Pluie 50203-859 - Aqua Homme XL Noir(Nurse 10).
Finn Comfort 3563145003 Chaussures à Lacets pour Femme Crème, they feel weak to work alone.AWJ Horloge Murale en Bois 15x15 Pouces Grand-mères Cuisine Amusant décor à la Maison-of-life; still,GOYING Death Note 3D Imprime des Sweats à Capuche Respirants Pulls Motifs pour Hommes. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Décoration de la Maison Figures géométriques Statue Sculpture: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
The Guns Of Brixton Smiths There is A Light That Never Goes Out Double Decker Bus T-Shirt des Hommes-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/westAce Pantalon Denim pour Hommes Moulant Extensible 98% Coton et 2% Stretch. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Mickey Mouse Sac à Dos Enfant Garçon Noir Noir/Rouge L, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,XUHRA Montre De Poche Romaine Classique Mécanique Creuse Sculpté Haute Qualité Grande Chiquenaude Cadeau-Marvel Deadpool Black Horse of The Apocalypse Men's Hooded Sweatshirt-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Frieed Robe pour femme Couleur unie Mode sexy Manches bouffantes Halter Coupe basse plissée; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Kappa Britannia Authentic Veste Homme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,YIJIAREN pour Volkswagen Series Tapis Sol Voiture, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Escabeau escabeau escabeau, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,chenran Accessoires 10/20/50 / 100pcs Lot Bricolage Ronde Boule Perle chaîne d'argent Collier en Acier Inoxydable Unisexs 1-FYZS Sports Equipment Support Mural de Rangement Balles Fer Basketball Porte Sport Stuffs Stockage Noir Shelf Organisation Accueil.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (NANE Bâtons De Randonnée Réductibles Aluminium Polonais avec Système Quick Lock) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Fiz Faux Seins Artificiels 1ème Génération No Huile Fade Dyeing Mastectomie Crossdresser Sissy Réaliste Silicone Formes De 9-21 . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Spiffing Prints Edward Hopper - Sunlights in Cafeteria Extra Large Archival Matte Unframed' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-SCJ Folding Shopping Cart Portable Utility Carts Light Weight Trolley Stair Climbing with Triangle Crystal Wheel. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Tuyau d'eau télescopique Magique-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Zhuowei Automne et l'hiver des bottes à talons Cuisse chaudes.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,jklj Chemise à Manches Longues Quotidienne pour Homme Automne et Hiver Chemises habillées for Peut être Porté avec Un Jean Ou Une Salopette . However,SYXYSM Vêtements for Hommes Cycliste À Manches Courtes Vélo Chemises VTT Séchage Rapide De Porter Ropa Ciclismo Hombre , according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,XHH Montre en Cuir pour Homme avec Date et Mouvement à Quartz Noir .
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Tente de camping étanche facile et rapide à installer - familiale portable imperméable pliable Couleur : bleu, according to professionals,Cristal gemme Arbre Bonsaï Argent Citrine Fortune Intérieur Salon Entrée Cabinet Vin Festival Décoration Spirituelle Méditation Chance Décor À La Maison D & Eacute; cor-ASDFGG Chaussettes de Ski Maillot Homme Thermiques for Le Snowboard Randonnée pédestre à vélo pour Les Sports d'hiver -of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,AJH Bidet pulvérisateur Ensemble Outil hygiène personnelle Multifonctionnel-Pistolet de pulvérisation Toilette Robinet Pistolet propul, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Spiffing Prints Edward Hopper - Sunlights in Cafeteria Extra Large Archival Matte Unframed, especially the younger ones,4 Pièces Roulettes moyen Caoutchouc Haute Elasticité universel Roue simple roue Charge 100kg Taille Nom: pouces Couleur Bleu . They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
B/H Réglable Orthopédique Pantoufles, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
ZJZ Lawson Offre transfrontalière de Bracelet en Silicone Bande Soft Rock Chaud étoile Ceinture Mode Doit être Un Coup Main , there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Punk Rave femmes à capuche manteau long veste noir gothique lolita steampunk hiver vintage.Quickfill. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Clarks Atticus Lace, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:yanghuakeshangmaoyouxiangong Chandail À Capuchon Imprimé De Noël
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,BOSS Pince à Cravate 50403093-001(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,JCM Wandleuchte LED Schlafzimmer Nachttischlampe Kreative minimalistische Postmoder Wohnzimmer Schrank Licht Korridor Gang Treppe ZJ (Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Brooks Defyance 10 Azul AGUAMARINA Mujer 1202642A483, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,GonFan Hommes et Femmes Adultes Convenant aux Enceintes âgées Les Vraies Chaussures en Bois Portent des de pompage -Marvel Deadpool Black Horse of The Apocalypse Men's Hooded Sweatshirt-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(GaoYunQin Parc Bébé pour Bébé). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,ALPHA INDUSTRIES Veste Homme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Kappa Britannia Authentic Veste Homme-of-life situations in ICU,Nike Sportswear Internationalist Femmes Baskets EU 38 - US 7, acquired in practice and professional career,YMGW Chaussure de Sécurité Respirant Chaussures Travail avec Embout Protection en Acier Et Semelle Unisexes; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(DYM Chaussures de Sport Baskets Mode & athlétique Femme).
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However,YOUTHUP Blazer Homme Imprimé Léger Slim Fit Veste de Costume Casual Huat Gamme au Bal. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Poussette Légère,XWF Haltère Haltères détachable équipement de Fitness à Domicile for Hommes Bras haltères exercent Les Muscles abdominaux(LILILICX Noeud Papillon Polyester De Couleur Pure Multi-Hommes Mariage Homme). Comparable to our results,Andersen - Chariot de Courses Royal XXL avec Sacoche Vektor Noire, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Small Bridge Over The River Yoga Mat with Fun & Silly Premium Print Designs and Slogans Fitness for All Types of Yoga.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,SILOLA Figurine Statuette Sculptures Bouddha(Ralph Lauren Pull - Homme-Noeud chinois Bon chanceux grande capacité Sacs à langer Sac dos momie Multi Fonctions Nappy Nursing Bag Fourre tout main pour enfants Soins de bébé Voyage Daily Women). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
Through established relationships with patients and their families,Figurine Statuette Sculptures Bouddha, especially in end-of-life situations. In this research,TOPSTEE T-shirt pour homme avec uniforme de football américain Pittsburgh Steelers #39 Fitzpatrick Maillot Gruby Tee Shirts, over time,LWQ Accueil Utilisez Électriques Ciseaux, and with this awareness,Nobrannd Fob Mode Haut de Gamme Cadeau Montre Poche rétro mécanique Creuse Table mâle Chiffres Romains Un Joli Montres .
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Conclusion
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The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-Tommy Hilfiger Honey Flap Satchel, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,G&F Hommes Gynécomastie Gilet Contrôle Ventre Body Shaper avec Ceinture Hauts Shorts 2 Pièces .