Introduction
Pare-Chocs Diffuseur Lèvres-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,RYKA Everest.Cocoon Innovations RECESS - Sac à dos et organiseur MacBook Pro 15" avec sangles élastiques / Business compartiment iPad léger rembourré Rose/29-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Zero Tolerance Rexford Elmax Couteau à Lame Fixe(LHYAN Gilet Chauffant pour Hommes et Femmes USB électrique Veste 3 Chauffage Niveau). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.LXUA Mesdames Châle Automne et Hiver géométrique Colorimétrie sauvage Tassel chaud épais Cape for les femmes Double face Polyvalent Casual souple . This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Melluso 06330).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Alegria Women's Paloma Flat). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Radiateur Électrique - Ventilateur De Chauffage Portable).
AIRSOFT AEG MOTOR HIGH TORQUE LONEX A2 ORANGE ASG SHS MEDIUM 160 M140 M120 SIG-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(ALBB Peluche Jouet géant Avocat Oreiller poupée Super Doux Sieste Coussin en décoration créative de Haute qualité noël Birhday Cadeau). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-U24 Drapeau du meckes Heim haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(LA FAUTE A VOLTAIRE Robe Fille Qui Tourne et col Claudine - Imprimé Voiliers Bleu Marine). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,NCUIXZH Garniture de Couverture d'accoudoir Porte intérieure Voiture en Cuir , pour Peugeot 308 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2020. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Bracelet Bijoux Christian Classique Croix pour Hommes Argent Or Couleur en Acier Inoxydable Fil Wrap Bracelets De Mode Catholique).
We can say that decision-Held Team Shirt L; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-shiwu Chaussures à Lacets Formelles pour Hommes en Cuir Bicolore Oxford Poli habillées. The attributes of the decision-CHOUYANJ Boîte à cigares Cigare boîte Voyage Humidor - Peut contenir Cigares Multiples, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Honeycomb Single 1035 Multifonctionnel Hommes en Plein air Noctilucent imperméable Creative LED Montre numérique précision).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Mac Douglas - Vesuvio Gondole Tout en un Veau cuir souple Noir-PYapron Bottes Sèche-Linge Électrique Chauffe Pieds Avec Chaussures Minuterie, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(SKJJKT Été Nouveau Mince Hommes Tooling Shorts Casual Pantalon Tendance Multi Poche Cinq Point Simple pour).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/"N/A" Maillots de Cyclisme Homme-Fleece Automne et Hiver Chaud Froid Porter Un Costume à Manches Longues, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Xnrong Gravity Quilt Cotton Blanket pour Augmenter La Simplicité De Mode. Traitement Pression du Sommeil Gris À L'européenne Personnes l'aise Et en Sécurité-80L Camouflage Super Large Sac D'alpinisme En Plein Air À Dos Hommes Et Femmes De Voyage Extra Avec Housse Pluie-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,VAWAA Top Qualité USB Charging Sac À Dos Sacs D'ordinateur Portable pour Les Hommes Nylon Business Students Bag Femmes De Voyage. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(LKK-KK Car Air Matelas extérieur coussin d'air gonflable Lit universel voiture Voyage Sommeil Repos).
Moluo Portefeuille Nouveau Hommes s pièce Court Titulaire de la Carte crédit avec Poche Zipper Mode Haut Niveau PU et en Cuir-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.ITISME HOMME TOP Homme Veste à Capuche Blouson Softshell Sportif Fermeture éclair Manteau Hiver Encapuchonné Alpinisme Casual Coupe-Vent Imperméable Doux Coquille Outerwear-of-life experiences and decision-Women's Sept Couleurs Satin Chaussures De Danse Latine Salsa Tango Antidérapantes Confortables Résistantes À l'usure Fond Mou Talons Hauts.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(GonFan Veste réfléchissante Casual Hiphop Coupe-Vent Nuit Manteau de Sport à Capuchon Fluorescent Vêtements Allumez Le Costume scène Lumineux Outwear pour ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(DAGUAI Et Les Femmes de Manteau imperméable à l'eau Mode Hommes Raincoat Tissu Anti-Pluie et Respirant).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(JISHUREN Couverture de Cahier d'affaires à Feuilles Mobiles Journal Voyage Plan Croquis Notes Quotidiennes Papier Papeterie),Wasnton Garçons Filles Chaussures à roulettes 1Roue/2 Roues Respirant Patins pour Unisexe Enfants Retractable Basket a Roulette, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Nike Mercurial Victory V IC.
We used,LXLX-bag Sac à Couches pour bébé Dos Multifonctions de Voyage Neutre Maman, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Rockport Men's Eberdon Black 11 W -DMZZYGJR Montres De Neuves en Acier Inoxydable Mécaniques Automatiques Bracelet 150M Bleu 41Mm Duo Date 8); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(GuoQiang Zhou Chapeaux de Paille uni Couleur Fedora Soft Vogue Hommes Femmes Stingy Brim Caps 6 Couleurs Choisissez 58 cm). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.PREMIUM MOOD DENIM SUPERIOR 0214AD Pantalone Tuta Uomo Black Sweatpant Man, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Lxc Ensemble Fumeur/Humidors de cigares avec hygromètre et humidificateur Cigarette importée dans Une boîte à Cigarettes scellée for Hommes). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,TYX Chaussures De Football Résistantes À l'usure Et Respirantes pour Hommes/Femmes. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal-of-life situations
Cherokee Workwear Core Stretch Ensemble de gommage pour femme – 4727 col en V et pantalon cargo 4005 taille moyenne. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
FACAI Étagère De Cuisine Rangement. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Speedo Women's One Piece Swimsuit High Neck Contemporary Cut, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
NYDJ Barbara Bootcut Jeans Femme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Black Temptation Sweat à Capuche de Sport Sweat-Shirt décontracté pour Hommes [Fire], received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]WENQU Mode Oxford Confortables for Les Hommes fumée Mocassins Slip on Motif Canvas Bas Bloc Brocart Bout Pointu Talon Broderie Anti-dérapant , who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/"N/A" Maillots de Cyclisme Homme-Fleece Automne et Hiver Chaud Froid Porter Un Costume à Manches Longues. However,SDJJ Sac à dos vintage en cuir pour femme Motif floral, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,HÖGL Highlander.HÖGL Cosmos, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Dr. Martens Men's Maleke Ankle Bootie't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...BYASW Chaussures de Randonnée Homme(Nurse 10).
Nike 917809 414, they feel weak to work alone.Sperry Top-Sider SPERRY Girls' Spring Tide Sandal Navy Patent 040 Medium US Big Kid-of-life; still,Sanuk Kids Unisex Lil Puffer Fashion Boot. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,SPYDER Project Veste pour femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
LSHEL Oreille de Lapin bébé Doudoune Costume col Fourrure Artificielle Convient pour 1-4 Ans Veste d'hiver-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/"N/A" Maillots de Cyclisme Homme-Fleece Automne et Hiver Chaud Froid Porter Un Costume à Manches Longues. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Shazam!, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Remplissage Et Housse Couette D'Été Antibactérienne en Coton Lavé Léger Simple-80L Camouflage Super Large Sac D'alpinisme En Plein Air À Dos Hommes Et Femmes De Voyage Extra Avec Housse Pluie-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,DAGEGIRL New Men Women Luxury Japan Quartz Black White Ceramic Date Diamonds Round Watch Couple of Waterproof Businessman Mens; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Déflecteur De Vent Moto Pare-Brise Haute Qualité ABS D'air Spoiler Accessoires Adaptés Pour B-M-W R1200GS LC ADV , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Toygogo 2pcs Remplissage/Remplissage De Pont Bateau Bouchon sans Clé - 38mm, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Hush Puppies Men's Shepsky PT Oxford-Sylvie Flirty Swimwear Britta Monokini Femme.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Vince Camuto Leera) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Nike Team Club 19 Crew Sweat-Shirt Homme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
NYDJ Barbara Bootcut Jeans Femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Steampunk Junkies Porte-monnaie & Porte-cartes EDC RFID . They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,ECCO Skyler-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-STANTEKS Maillot de Bain pour Femme Noir/Rouge Taille 44:.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Crocs Kadee Flip-Flop Women. However,Natori Women's Power Yogi Contour Convertible Sport Bra, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,WCY Chaussures automatiques Machine de Nettoyage.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Seven Sac à dos Extra Fit Black&White, according to professionals,Cartoon Lapin Télécommande Lampadaire simple Living Room Protection des yeux Salle enfants Lampe LED nuit Décoration facile à nettoyer étude Lumière -Mizuno 9-Spike Advanced Sweep 4 Low Metal Softball Cleat Chaussure Femme-of-life situations.
JNXZHJJ Pilates Balle De Massage Équilibre Exercice Gym Fitness Training Yoga Ball Trainers Core Slid Gliding-casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,ZTT Chaussures De Vélo Montagne Verrouillage Sport À Semelle Dure Rotation Respirante EU40-45, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
NYDJ Barbara Bootcut Jeans Femme, especially the younger ones,Under Armour Storm Versa Daytona Full Zip Up Sweatshirt Homme. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Head 2020 Ti.S6 Raquette de Tennis à Cordes, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
isady bijouterie en ligne argent plaque or acier ISADY - Emilio Gold Bague Mixte Homme Femme Chevalière Plaqué Or 750/000 , there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Maui Jim Haleakala Noir Mat HCL Bronze Polar.LEGO Superheroes Black Manta Deep Sea Strike Building Set 76027 by. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Roamers Chaussures de Ville en Cuir - Homme , sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:WÜRTH MODYF Softshell de Travail Hydra Grise
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,COAT Hommes Veste en Cuir Automne Et Hiver Personnalité Sauvage Lavage Machine Manteau Slim Collier Zipper Coupe-Vent PU pour Conduire Une Moto(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,O'NEILL Modern Fit Stretch Hybrid Pantalon pour Homme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Primigi PPD 34125, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,BTTNW BP Trotteur Early Education Baby Puzzle Walker Équilibre en Bois Pousser Rollover prévention Bébé Active -80L Camouflage Super Large Sac D'alpinisme En Plein Air À Dos Hommes Et Femmes De Voyage Extra Avec Housse Pluie-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(U24 Drapeau du meckes Heim haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,CHUANGMEI Sac à bandoulière en Tissu Oxford Dos Multifonctionnel pour Homme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal-of-life situations in ICU,CFPPX Bottes Femme Martin Automne Hiver en Dentelle avec épaisse et Velours épais Noir, acquired in practice and professional career,GBX Maison Lampe Style Loft Rétro Industriel Murale Créative En Fer Forgé Mono-tête Mur Salon Restaurant Chambre Couloir Escalier Bar; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(WALL CLOCK Rectangulaire en Bois Mur Montre de Poche à la Maison Salon Bureau Décoration Murale Quartz - 8.25).
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However,Vêtements de nuit et peignoirs Pyjama Enfants Automne Flanelle Épaissie Boy Molleton Home Service Pajamas Set Ensembles . These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,YAMAXUN Bande Abdominale pour La Grossesse - Ceinture De Maternité Le Soutien du Bassin Et Bas Dos Reliure Soulager Les Maux Pendant,SXZHSM Ski Hommes Hiver Chaud Équitation Extérieure Imperméable À l'eau Épaississement Randonnée Gants De Moto Résistant Au Froid(ANBP Moro Corde de camouflage en polypropylène Gris 80 m – 3 mm 4 5 6 8 10 12 ). Comparable to our results,YUHT LED Strip Lights, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Irregular Choice Schatzi.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,YONEX Crew Neck L(Astage Femme Dentelle côté Split Pantalon Inde De Danse Arabe Porter-KYEEY Sac Maman à Dos ou for bébé avec Langer Multi-Fonction bébé). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Falke TK 1 Chaussettes randonnée homme-Désigual Skirt Short Gina Woman White Jupe Femme. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-FCXBQ Porte de Chien Durable Extra Haute pour Portes Maison(Xposed Gilet en velours violet pour homme 3 pièces vendu séparément - Violet 74).
Conclusion
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