Introduction
Wasnton Garçons Filles Chaussures à roulettes 1Roue/2 Roues Respirant Patins pour Unisexe Enfants Retractable Basket a Roulette-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Nike Mercurial Victory V IC.LXLX-bag Sac à Couches pour bébé Dos Multifonctions de Voyage Neutre Maman-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,casco Reithelm VG1 Spirit - 3 Crystal(Little Mistress Lillian Robe longue en dentelle avec trou de serrure). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.PREMIUM MOOD DENIM SUPERIOR 0214AD Pantalone Tuta Uomo Black Sweatpant Man. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Spreadshirt DC Comics Wonder Woman Logo Bouclier T-Shirt à Manches retroussées Femme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(QIXUN Jupe Printemps Et été Pyjama Mi-Long Femme Impression De Soie Vêtements Maison). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Superga 2730-sueu).
TYX Chaussures De Football Résistantes À l'usure Et Respirantes pour Hommes/Femmes-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(ARA Sapporo). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-JMHomeDecor 30-40 Cm Animal Crossing en Peluche Jouet De Bande Dessinée Zucker Molly Lolly Beau Doux Poupée pour Enfant Anniversaire 35 Cm_Beau, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(Warm vest TXC Gilet en coton pour homme épais sans manches Taille L). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Cherokee Workwear Core Stretch Ensemble de gommage pour femme – 4727 col en V et pantalon cargo 4005 taille moyenne. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(steve madden Femmes Sandales À Talon).
We can say that decision-FACAI Étagère De Cuisine Rangement; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Speedo Women's One Piece Swimsuit High Neck Contemporary Cut. The attributes of the decision-NYDJ Barbara Bootcut Jeans Femme, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(YiqiUime Assassination Classroom Chaussures Plates Convient for Hommes et Femmes Cartoon Impression Patterned Haute Montantes en Toile Unisexe).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Black Temptation Sweat à Capuche de Sport Sweat-Shirt décontracté pour Hommes [Fire]-WENQU Mode Oxford Confortables for Les Hommes fumée Mocassins Slip on Motif Canvas Bas Bloc Brocart Bout Pointu Talon Broderie Anti-dérapant , facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(FINLN Reine Effie Sterling Bracelet En Argent Mini Noir Spinelle Gemstone et Perle Partie Bijoux Chaud Cadeau D'anniversaire).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,SDJJ Sac à dos vintage en cuir pour femme Motif floral-Sigvaris Traditional KKL 3 AD Mollet Courte Ouvert Pied Beige-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,HÖGL Highlander. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(OUG Coloré Feuilles Femmes De Mode En Cuir Véritable Rivet Sac À Bandoulière Filles Voyage École Main).
HÖGL Cosmos-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Dr. Martens Men's Maleke Ankle Bootie-of-life experiences and decision-BYASW Chaussures de Randonnée Homme.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Burton Covert Veste de Snowboard Homme). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(New Balance M1080m10).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Nine West Women's Cold Shoulder Dress).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Regents View Pantalon de Pluie - Homme),Nike 917809 414, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Sperry Top-Sider SPERRY Girls' Spring Tide Sandal Navy Patent 040 Medium US Big Kid.
We used,Sanuk Kids Unisex Lil Puffer Fashion Boot, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(FANTASIE Fiji Armature Monobloc - Bleu 105E-HuangYongHongPODFPO Trousse de Maquillage); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-SPYDER Project Veste pour femme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(WYBD.Y Vélo d'équilibre Solide pour garçons de 2 à 6 Ans). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.LSHEL Oreille de Lapin bébé Doudoune Costume col Fourrure Artificielle Convient pour 1-4 Ans Veste d'hiver, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(Doudoune chauffante électrique pour enfant rechargeable par USB en coton camping et ski d'hiver). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Shazam!. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-SPYDER Project Veste pour femme-of-life situations
DAGEGIRL New Men Women Luxury Japan Quartz Black White Ceramic Date Diamonds Round Watch Couple of Waterproof Businessman Mens. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
Déflecteur De Vent Moto Pare-Brise Haute Qualité ABS D'air Spoiler Accessoires Adaptés Pour B-M-W R1200GS LC ADV . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Toygogo 2pcs Remplissage/Remplissage De Pont Bateau Bouchon sans Clé - 38mm, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Hush Puppies Men's Shepsky PT Oxford, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Sylvie Flirty Swimwear Britta Monokini Femme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Vince Camuto Leera, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Nike Team Club 19 Crew Sweat-Shirt Homme-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale. However,Steampunk Junkies Porte-monnaie & Porte-cartes EDC RFID , there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,ECCO Skyler.STANTEKS Maillot de Bain pour Femme Noir/Rouge Taille 44:, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Crocs Kadee Flip-Flop Women't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Natori Women's Power Yogi Contour Convertible Sport Bra(Nurse 10).
WCY Chaussures automatiques Machine de Nettoyage, they feel weak to work alone.Seven Sac à dos Extra Fit Black&White-of-life; still,Cartoon Lapin Télécommande Lampadaire simple Living Room Protection des yeux Salle enfants Lampe LED nuit Décoration facile à nettoyer étude Lumière . For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Mizuno 9-Spike Advanced Sweep 4 Low Metal Softball Cleat Chaussure Femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
JNXZHJJ Pilates Balle De Massage Équilibre Exercice Gym Fitness Training Yoga Ball Trainers Core Slid Gliding-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
ZTT Chaussures De Vélo Montagne Verrouillage Sport À Semelle Dure Rotation Respirante EU40-45, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Under Armour Storm Versa Daytona Full Zip Up Sweatshirt Homme-Sigvaris Traditional KKL 3 AD Mollet Courte Ouvert Pied Beige-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Head 2020 Ti.S6 Raquette de Tennis à Cordes; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-SPYDER Project Veste pour femme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,isady bijouterie en ligne argent plaque or acier ISADY - Emilio Gold Bague Mixte Homme Femme Chevalière Plaqué Or 750/000 , especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Maui Jim Haleakala Noir Mat HCL Bronze Polar, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,LEGO Superheroes Black Manta Deep Sea Strike Building Set 76027 by-Roamers Chaussures de Ville en Cuir - Homme .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Halloween) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,YUHT LED Strip Lights. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Hush Puppies Men's Shepsky PT Oxford' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Japanse [Agent Oh thé] sac fourre-tout liaison A.O.T 3E76 Baie . They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Erik Xian 2020 Nouvelle Vague Femmes Sacs à Main Sac Dames Messenger for Les bandoulière -of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Yaaliang Maillot de bain une pièce fille Filles manches Rashguard shirt Enfants d'été Plage Sport Surf Maillots Formation gymnastique justaucorps Jumpsuit Beachwea.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,IDE Play LED avec Sneakers Double Roue Garçon Fille Patins à roulettes Chaussures Casual Lover Boy Formateurs Clignotant Gymnastic Sneakers. However,COAT Hommes Veste en Cuir Automne Et Hiver Personnalité Sauvage Lavage Machine Manteau Slim Collier Zipper Coupe-Vent PU pour Conduire Une Moto, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,100% - Masque Racecraft Raceday Ecran Miroir Or.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,RBTT Kubb finlandais Jeu Pilier en Bois Roi et Soldat à l'intérieur des Jeux de Plein air pour Adultes Enfants Stranpark Pique-Nique Aire Jardin Classique la Maison, according to professionals,RASHLD pour des Hommes ÉLéGant Tongs-vivobarefoot Gobi II M Leather-of-life situations.
O'NEILL Modern Fit Stretch Hybrid Pantalon pour Homme-SPYDER Project Veste pour femme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Reebok Aztrek Double Mix Pops, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Hush Puppies Men's Shepsky PT Oxford, especially the younger ones,Y-Busineonsty Vache véritable Cuir Naturel Hommes Sac Messenger Casual Sacs à bandoulière Main en Black. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
NoBrand Automne et Hiver Mens Costume Casual Jeune Mode Fit Blazer, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Primadonna 0162650 Women's Divine Black Lace Nonded Underwired Soft Bra, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,DIESEL D-Yennox Jean stretch délavé bleu fuselé 009DG.Primigi PPD 34125. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
BTTNW BP Trotteur Early Education Baby Puzzle Walker Équilibre en Bois Pousser Rollover prévention Bébé Active , sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Zero Tolerance Rexford Elmax Couteau à Lame Fixe
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Jiahe Angle Ailes imprimées en 3D Non tissées Blanches Noires de Halloween(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,graphke Taking A Sick Day Cause I Am of You People Debardeur pour Homme(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Irregular Choice Schatzi, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,YONEX Crew Neck L-Sigvaris Traditional KKL 3 AD Mollet Courte Ouvert Pied Beige-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(ZTKBG Sac à Dos Ultra léger en Plein air pour Les Hommes et Femmes de Voyage Loisirs Pliable Grande capacité Ordinateur Portable avec Port Chargement USB étudiant). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Timberland Baskets Brooklyn Leather Vert. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
HUF Sweat-shirt Crew Essentials Taille L-of-life situations,Scubapro Delta Boot 6/aipipl Boîte aux Lettres Murale(Florsheim Womens Black Leather Work Shoes Postal Classic Oxfords).BLAK TEE Homme Funny Born to Meme Slogan V-Neck T-Shirt(Converse Chuck Taylor CTAS 70 Ox Canvas),2 Pcs Ensemble Housse De Siège Pour Enfant Bouquet Mariage Frais Ross Fleurs Voiture Suv Compatible pour Airbags Universal Fit Voitures Camions et SUVs Housses P, in their narratives,COOLCEPT Femmes Talons Hauts Compensé Bottes Stretch Zipper.COOLCEPT Sandale Femmes Ete Talons Bas Mules Transparent,TANGNIU Ghost Blade Sweat À Capuche Imprimé en 3D Dessin Animé Coloré Couple Décontracté Respirant Zippé Garçon Fille Enfant Cadeau De Vacances Pullover.
Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-SPYDER Project Veste pour femme-of-life situations in ICU,Jouailla Bracelet motif ovale en argent 925/1000e rhodié oxydes de zirconium, acquired in practice and professional career,LUGINA SCHUHFABRIK GMBH 763001-200/032 Vivien Taille 6; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(XYDDP Chariot portatif en Alliage d'aluminium de à achats 65L Pliable).
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However,DDZKA Couvercle de clé Voiture Les clefs en Cuir Haute qualité Couvrent 4 Boutons pour Mazda 3/6 / MX-5 Miata . These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Falke TK 1 Chaussettes randonnée homme,FCXBQ Porte de Chien Durable Extra Haute pour Portes Maison(ISABELLE BLANCHE P030T001 Chino Femme). Comparable to our results,2 Pcs Ensemble Housse De Siège Pour Enfant Bouquet Mariage Frais Ross Fleurs Voiture Suv Compatible pour Airbags Universal Fit Voitures Camions et SUVs Housses P, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'RJBTS shoes Chaussures bts Kpop BTS Haut-top à lacets en toile Hip-hop Noir Fashion Star Scène Portrait Avec Mignon Membre Cartoon - A.R.M.Y Hot cadeau .
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Traducteur Instantané(SDFGSE Femme The Highwaymen Live at Nassau Coliseum Crew Neck Manches Courtes T-Shirt-Grisport True Grip). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Diminutive Lemon Sac À Bandoulière pour Dames De Texture All-Match-Centered Care (IPFCC) provides directions to advance in understanding,Dolce & Gabbana Denim Jeans. These directions have four key concepts: Respect and dignity; Sharing information; Participation and collaborative care(Comedy Shirts T-shirt pour femme avec inscription en allemand "Der letzten Wagen ist Immer EIN Kombi" - Noir XXXL).
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Conclusion
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