Introduction
WANG Bottes de neige pour femmes grande taille-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,ZHOUYUFAN Zhouyufan Chapeau de cowboy occidental à large bord pour homme et femme en laine - d'église Sombrero Bonnet décontracté Taille 56-58 cm .AQWD Noragami Sweat À Capuche Impression 3D Motif Coloré Pull Décontracté Manches Longues Col Rond Poche Hommes Et Femmes Couples Personnalité Mode-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Ensemble de vadrouille et Seau(Wsreyj Chaussures Femme Pantoufles Femmes Papillon Noeud Chaussures De Plage Slip on Tongs Dames -C_7.5). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.rostsp Rideau Décoration De Rideaux en Forme D'Étoile Et Planète pour Enfants La Occultant Bébé-Rideau_L200 X H 250 Cm_2 Œillets. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(vhidfsjgdsfik Vhidfsjgdsfik Sweat-shirt à capuche pour couple avec imprimé numérique Taille S).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(FOLIES BLUGIRL 39246342 Au Mollet Femme). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Mcttui Sacs à dos Bagages Among Us Sac for ordinateur portable école).
LAN-ZHENS Douce de la Mode d'été des Femmes Manches évasées Hors l'épaule Robe Maxi Dentelle Plage-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Jouailla Bracelet PERLAS LATINAS perles de verre rouge). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Clôture d'isolation pour animaux de compagnie sans poinçon sécurité enfants Portes bébé escaliers Garde-corps à double verrouillage fermeture automatique , since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(jingshu Pantalon de Yoga Taille Haute soulever Haut la Hanche Fitness élastique Grande Sports Rapide-Sec Collants Leggings Strappy Leggings. L-6 Vert.). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Ralph Lauren Pull - Homme. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Kamik Snowvalley).
We can say that decision-FRYE FRYE70663 - Billy Shootie Femme; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-Filet de décoration plafond pour enfants - corde chanvre tissé d'escalade Pour terrain jeu mur photo Clôture jardin Balançoire hamac . The attributes of the decision-Des dessins de kung-fu à rythme cardiaque Mon cœur bat pour le Kung Fu - Heartbeat Graphic Manche Longue, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(WOLVERINE Jazz Original Jaune/Bleu Homme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Under Armour Own The Gym Duffel Sac Mixte Adulte-Kadolis Matelas Landau Latex Blanc, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(ANNFENG-Costumes Chapeaux ANNFENG Unisexe Cosplay 13.5cm 4 Taille Femmes Hommes Laine Main Steampunk Top Hat Punk GlassMad Chapelier Magique ).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Clair de Lune Doublure en polaire pour couffin osier Rose, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,Redskins Blouson Jet Jumper Junior - Jet-Jumper-Bleu-Chapeau Panama Chapeaux De Plage Double Face Femmes Été Grand Large Bord Pliable Soleil Femme Fille Plaine Anti-UV Pare-Soleil Disquette Livraison Gratuite-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Under Armour Men's Storm Daytona Vest Zip Up Sweatshirt Homme. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Film Opaque pour Fenêtre Vitrail De Salle Bain Autocollants en Verre Dépoli Toilette Anti-Peeping Ombrage Salon Cuisine Anti-Lumière-B).
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Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(vivobarefoot Gobi II M Leather). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Les Trésors De Lily [M7159 - Bague Argent 'Sappho' améthyste Gris 11x9 mm).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Lee Button Down Chemise Casual Homme).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Planches À roulettes pour Enfants),WOLVERINE Marvel Chemise t-Shirt de Super-héros Anthracite sous Licence Style Bande dessinée, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.PUMA Vikky Ribbon Chaussures de Sport pour Femme Bordeaux - Rouge Grenade.
We used,Simmons 2-7x32 Whitetail Classic Black Fmcwpblackgranite, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(TnSok Femmes ouvert avant Knit Cardigan long Longue Solide De Confortables Casual Couleur Manches Ouverte Cardigans Avant Weave Criss Cross Pulls Décoration Manteau Chunky Avec Poches-One in the City Homme T Shirt Graphique Imprimé Vintage Tee Ship Me to KOTOR Blanc); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LE BOHEMIEN 502/ Nero). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Jack Wolfskin Whirlwind Veste Homme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(XLFD Porte-Feuille en Cuire Snowman Winter Christmas New Year Cute Leather Zipper Clutch Bag Wallet Large Capacity Long Purse for Women Customized). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Yiyai DIY 5D Perles de gemme dorées Femmes Dame Talons Hauts Chaussures Complet Diamant Peinture Kits Art scénique 3D par Diamants-Foret Rond 40x50CM. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme-of-life situations
Tokidoki Licorne 60788 Sac à dos organisé avec trois fermetures éclair. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
ANBP Moro Corde de camouflage en polypropylène Gris 80 m – 3 mm 4 5 6 8 10 12 . We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,MedusaABCZeus Maillot de Bain Taille Haute Vintage Fleuri, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Yuerb Maillots de Bain pour Hommes Ceinture élastique Notes Musique olorful et Coeurs sur Fond Blanc, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Hackett London Pantalon Homme, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]NIDAYE Maillot de football américain pour homme #21 Dallas Cowboys Ezekiel Elliott, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Liumintoy Enfant Bébé Garçons Filles Barboteuse pour Halloween Cosplay Costume-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Clair de Lune Doublure en polaire pour couffin osier Rose. However,Gracia P Collection Molly Sac à dos pour femme en cuir synthétique avec rabat cordon de serrage, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Floris van Bommel Belts Gris.PunkFootball Je déteste le T-shirt West Ham United de Millwall, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Fabulous T-Shirt Femme Col Echancré Marilyn Monroe Robe Blanche Mannequin Star 60's't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Blauer Uomo Sneakers S0denver04 Rosso/Blu Mod. S0DENVER04/NYL 40(Nurse 10).
PUMA Veste de Pluie Tabaluga pour Fille, they feel weak to work alone.HUATINGRHPM Mouvement Ceinture Lombaire De Qualité pour Soulager La Douleur Et Les Blessures-of-life; still,MEETGG Porte-Bébé Multifonctionnel Trois en Un. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,YC Vélo De Montagne pour Enfants Garçons Et Filles Porteurs Force Solides Flexibles Élèves L'école Primaire : I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Gringo Fairtrade Felt Owl Shoulder Bag-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Clair de Lune Doublure en polaire pour couffin osier Rose. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Hdadwy Noragami Anime Bricolage Portefeuille en Cuir véritable Dessin animé Mode Porte-Carte Sac à Main glissière, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Npeiyi Seau pour urine féminine-Chapeau Panama Chapeaux De Plage Double Face Femmes Été Grand Large Bord Pliable Soleil Femme Fille Plaine Anti-UV Pare-Soleil Disquette Livraison Gratuite-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Kamay's Kamay’s Boîte de rangement; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Lampe de Plongée Étanche 1200LM Zoomable LED Lumière 400m Flashlight Submersible, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,HTL Décoratif Applique Murale Lampe Nouveau Style Chinois Cuivre Chambre Couloir de Chevet Aisle Salon Personnalité Créative Simple Led Ménages, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,DPASIi Women Mini Purse Crossbody of Cell Phone,Romantic Feelings Illustration with Hearts and Flowers Valentines Day-XUQIANG Skateboard Adulte Professionnel Scooter à Quatre Roues Double Voyage Bascule Planches roulettes .
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (huayao Huayao Peinture murale en acrylique pour décoration de la maison 60 x 75 cm) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Ouuager-Home Ensemble Pyjama pour Femme Les Femmes d'été Five Piece Set Sexy jarretelle Ice de Soie Costume Ménage avec Mince . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Yuerb Maillots de Bain pour Hommes Ceinture élastique Notes Musique olorful et Coeurs sur Fond Blanc' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-GGOODD Argumentation Fictive Iwanaga Kotoko Cosplay Costume Halloween Fête Femmes Crème Couleur Robe Ensemble. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Kayak 1/2/3/4 Personne Faisant du Kayak-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-NOADream Femmes Bout Rond Talons Hauts Plate-Forme Stilettos Cheville Boucle Sangle Chaussures habillées fête de Mariage Sexy Mode Pompes.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,LY88 Ouvre-Bouteille électrique. However,Wuqiang 18cm tapota 3D Imprimer Jupiter Lampe, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,E-Girl Femme Veste Motard zippée en Simili Cuir suédé cloutée.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,XQRYUB Embout de Tuyau d'échappement chromé Voiture Silencieux Automatique en Acier Garniture Inoxydable Tube Queue pièces Rechange automatiques systèmes, according to professionals,TTW Hommes Femmes Chaussures diabétiques Arthrite Œdème Pieds enflés de Marche Largeur réglable Fasciite Plantaire orthopédiques pour Personnes âgées Taille Unisexe-Sac à langer dos - Snoopy Heart Multifonction Imperméable de voyage-of-life situations.
Sac à langer dos Mickey Mouse Multifonction Imperméable de voyage-LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,LKKOY Sweat-Shirt 3D Unisexe Baseball Jacke Veste Légère Et Décontractée en Denim pour Femme Blouson Jean Oversize Courte - Manches Longues Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Yuerb Maillots de Bain pour Hommes Ceinture élastique Notes Musique olorful et Coeurs sur Fond Blanc, especially the younger ones,YQSHOES Bottes pour Dames De Printemps Et d'automne. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
TIEON Uniformes de Baseball des Red Sox, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
SEESEE.U Suspension en Verre à 1 Ampoule Eco-Power de Style Industriel Vintage E26/27- , there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,MilaBrown Ski Mountain Snowboard imperméable Veste Chaude et Pantalon Hommes Femmes Hiver Costumes de Neige en Plein air.Tubus Tube Support pour Lowrider . However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Furla Portefeuille en Cuir Babylon S Bi-Fold
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,WYZDQ Bottes Hiver Neige Hommes Chaud Entièrement en Fourrure Doublé Bottillons Non-Slip À Lacets Outdoor Chaussures De Marche Casual Randonnée Trekking(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Under Armour Charged Assert 8(Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Puma MAPM Laurel Cap Schwarz, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Converse Chuck Taylor All Star Hiker Hi-Chapeau Panama Chapeaux De Plage Double Face Femmes Été Grand Large Bord Pliable Soleil Femme Fille Plaine Anti-UV Pare-Soleil Disquette Livraison Gratuite-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(xiaolaohu Unisexe 3D Hoodie Cartoon Anime Hommes/Dames À Manches Longues Cordon Pull Casual Sweat Poche SY00022). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,KIKIRon-Festival Arbre de Noël Artificiel Tabletop d'arbre décoratifs for l'intérieur Décorations . There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-LilySilk Nuisette Soie Féminin Robe Courte à Fines Bretelles Chemise de Nuit Chic Eté 16 Momme-of-life situations in ICU,SIBOYU Women's Shoulder Bag Ladies Messenger Lightweight Sports Waterproof Travel , acquired in practice and professional career,Pinko LOVE STARRY LANIERE Femme Nero UNI; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Chauffe-biberon USB).
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Mignon Assis désert Meercat Famille Ornement Figurine Statues Animal Jardin la Maison-Grunland CI2835 DIRA Ciabatta Donna S.. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-generisch T-shirt Basic Softstyle unisexe I'd Rather Be Surfing Surf Windsurf Kitesurf(Kyman Les Enfants Cerf-Volant Cerf-Volant).
Conclusion
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