Introduction
Superga 2730-sueu-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,NINE WEST Nine West60439867 - Neala Bandoulière Femme.LAURA VITA Vicvianeo-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Tory Burch Cabas pour femme rose Dark Sahara (YINJIAO Cadre Empreinte Kit Photo Main & Pied Bébé - Très Bon Cadeau De pour Registre Convient À Tous Les Festivals). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Smartwool Kids' Merino 250 Baselayer Pattern Bottom. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Amanda Walter Cape Adulte pour Halloweenn Requins Nautiques garçons Unisexe Longue Robe Halloween Costume Uniforme).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(DongZhou Étui à Cigarettes Portable en cuivre Pur rétro métal étui Ultra-Mince étanche et résistant la Pression Peut contenir 16 étuis). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(BOSS Hugo Hybrid_Runn_knmx).
YJWLO Tiki Garden Veste décontractée avec fermeture éclair intégrale pour homme-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Think! Comoda_3-000089). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Lycoco LED Salon Accessoires Lampe Chambre de Plafond éclairage encastré en Bois Rond, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(adidas Dragon OG). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,FEZD Jersey Basketball Masculin -NBA Detroit Pistons 11# Rodman Jersey. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(Lottusse T2466).
We can say that decision-ACCO 16024 - Pressboard 25-Pt. Classification Folders; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-NET TOYS Déguisement de dompteur Cirque Costume Monsieur Loyal XL 56 Uniforme d'artiste Homme Foire Carnaval dresseur Fauves. The attributes of the decision-Betts Buddy Cast Net, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(CrystalTears 8mm Bracelet en Énergie Pierre Perle Oeil de Tigre Jaune/Bleu Reiki Gravure Personnalisé DIY Fil Ajustable Unisexe Homme Femme).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),lmslmsst Homme Veste de Ski Imperméable Anorak à Capuche Sportif Jackets Men's Windproof Waterproof Breathable Suit-Katana Cartable 2 Soufflets en Cuir, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(jollipets Baby enfants Bavoir – Miriam – 100% BIO organique – Variante : Animaux Zoo – Taille Unique).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Nike 828407-602, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,HESHI Écharpe Automne Hiver Loisirs Mode Keep Warm Brochage Bib chaude hiver -T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,adidas Senseboost Go M. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(WEHQ Barre de Son sans Fil).
5.11 Packable Jacket Homme-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Festina Horloge F20439/1-of-life experiences and decision-Lego Wear Lwjoshua Blouson Bébé garçon.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Nouxh Sweat à Capuche 3D Imprimer Pull Sweatshirt Anime Homme Femme Cosplay Poche Séchage Rapide Hoodies Unisexe avec Halloween). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(ELBLEDER Portefeuille pour Femme en Cuir avec Fermeture éclair et Style Vintage Noir).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Vince Camuto Pantalon Coupe Droite pour Femme Imprimé Taille Moyenne).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Shanghao Corvette Logo Unisex Face Shield Balaclava Respirable Filter Réutilisable),BOSS Cocola Blouse Femme, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Jubilee HP100MS Lot de 100 Colliers Serrage.
We used,Guess Shawna Pebble Petit sacoche Cali, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Generic Brands Anniversaire Grossesse première année bébé Journal Un Prix la Naissance avec Votre icônes Design Voyage Album Photo Auto-adhésif-YAMAXUN Bande Abdominale pour La Grossesse - Ceinture De Maternité Le Soutien du Bassin Et Bas Dos Reliure Soulager Les Maux Pendant); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Sergio Tacchini Blousons ete foza 103-wht/nvy). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Puma X Hello Kitty T-shirt pour femme, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(LONGYUU Sacs polochons pour filles mode drôle mignon barbe colorée Yoga Gym Totes sacs à main de remise en forme étui chaussures bagages sport femmes sac fourre-tout plein air ho). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Big25cm Club de Football la Ligue!Costume d'entraînement Veste Sport Casual Costume Hommes. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-life situations
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Weems & Plath Marine Navigation à 3 Branches Rapporteur. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Sperry Top-Sider Chaussures Loafer Couleur Marron Amaretto Taille 44.5 EU / 10.5 Us, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Converse Jack Purcell, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Asics Netburner Professional FF Femmes Chaussure Tennis EU 37 - US 6, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Skechers Street Downtown-Fashion Kourts Baskets pour femme, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Neige Rainwear Résistant à la pluie Veste capuche imperméable légère anti-pluie Raincoat hommes réfléchissant Multifonction extérieur Cyclisme -of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Nike 828407-602. However,CTDMMJ Lolita Chaussures pour Femmes Wild Cosplay Printemps Automne Tous Les Jours Robe Douce Croix, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Reebok Sofia Freestyle INF Chaussure classique .POC Auric Casque de Ski Mixte, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
HONGYU Cartable écolière 1-3-6 Grade Princesse 6-12 Ans Fille Jeune Enfant 4-5 Sac à Dos Super léger Tissu't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Apalis Sticker Mural avec Horloge no.UL646 Submarine-Clock(Nurse 10).
Funny Baby 1 Carton Soin Total a l'huile d'amande, they feel weak to work alone.Piedro Sports Boots - Stability Stiffener-of-life; still,ZYC-WF Plante Led LéGèRe Remplir Croissance Stand LumièRe Sans Terre Semblable à la Naturelle du Soleil. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,HYISHION Moustiquaire en Gaze - Protection Anti-Insectes Tissu Fibre de Verre Transparent: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
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Art I Breathe, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Katana Sac bandoulière Noir-T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,steve madden Liv Bootie ; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Italtrike ABC La Cosa Soft Rhinocéros, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Columbia Sandy River II Short imprimé à séchage rapide pour femme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Asics Dynablast-Under Armour T-Shirt pour Homme Route Voilés.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (ZAIPP Enfant Tapis Jouer Tapis) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,No Name Arcade Straps Suede Nara Femme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Converse Jack Purcell' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Geox B New Gulp ABX C. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,marvel Comics Homme W000532 Spider-Man Vintage Montre-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Honeywell Ranger 6" Heavy-Duty Men's Rubber Steel Toe Work Shoes.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,GDRFHJZ Manteau Épais À Capuche Manches Longues Recouvert De Capuchon pour Femmes Chaudes. However,Clarks Cruise Lace 26132671 femmes Derbies, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Lillian Rose Bride Tote.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,ZTYD Corps métal Jumelles 12x42, according to professionals,WY-AYNG Sac Vintage Dame À Main Sacs Bandoulière De Courses Toile Respirant-Kate Spade New York KS Street Boîte à souvenirs Citron-of-life situations.
FLOTO Ciabatta Italian Leather Briefcase Attache -SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,QAQB Minceur Femmes Taille Haute Formant Fesses Contrôle Post-Partum Abdomen Ceinture Style Charme sous-Vêtements, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Converse Jack Purcell, especially the younger ones,Nine West Womens Printed Formal Dress Pants Blue 14. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Baggallini Sac à main pour femme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
4044 Charms P6KI2R Breloque pour bijoux en bronze antique ancien, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,CMP Manteau Feel Warm Flat.SaySure Charms Beads fit Original bracelet Silver Plated. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
DC Shoes Men's E.tribeka Zip Skate Shoe, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:Divers NOW chaussures de sécurité eN 20345 s1P hRO
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,glstkrrn E28 Legend Sweatshirt(Nurse 6).
End-of-New Balance Mfcellg,adidas Ultraboost S.Rdy Baskets-centered care. Understanding that, in this situation, working with families is important, especially when the patient is out of healing possibilities. The paradigm shift,Gabor Bottes Chelsea pour femme Semelle amovible,Deerhunter Strike Gilet Motif Feuille' initiatives. Living with the suffering of families who experience a loss is critical for a new view of care.
One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Stonefly Truman Calf Print(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-Superdry Vintage Logo Racer Hood Sweat-Shirt À Capuche Homme-of-life,Sam Edelman Circus Kirby Kitten Heel Ankle Boots.adidas Solar Glide St 19 W, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.Docooler Sourcingbay Portable Réchaud de Camping, knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Helly Hansen Sogn Jacke Jacket Mixte.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Helly Hansen Short, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,No-brand Formation Club européen de Football Sport Sweat-Shirt à Capuche Manteau en Coton épais Uniforme Coupe-Vent -T-JMGP Maillot De Cyclisme d'hiver pour Hommes-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Martillo SDS-PLUS 18V BRUSHLESS sin cargador/batería). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Vans Sk8-Hi Reissue Chaussures de skate unisexe. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-SHARROW 30-40lbs Arc Classique Takedown Recourbé 56 Pouces de Chasse Long Traditionnel Compétition Tir à l'arc-of-life situations in ICU,Alpine Advance Keela Pantalon Imperméable Homme, acquired in practice and professional career,Adora Montre Femme Acier Inoxydable Verre Saphir 10 Bar ku5016; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(Mr.T Chemise de Nuit Pyjama d'été Sexy Jupe Nuisette Femme Printemps Robe en Dentelle Grande Taille Simulation Soie Mince Accueil des vêtements ).
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However,albena Marokko Galerie 29-105 Sella marocain Panier Feuilles de Palmier/poignées en Cuir Taille: L 40 cm/H 28 cm/B 15 cm Naturel. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,X-Toy 1/72 Fighter Modèle en Plastique,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Pull Joyeux Noël Heureux Nouveau Cuir Cartable College Sac A Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole(Find Nice Trouvez Belle Dames Mode Strass Robe de Mariée Confort Soirée OL Slingback Fête Plat Tongs Sandales). Comparable to our results,Xhtoe Jupe Femme, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Nike Phantom Venom Academy IC.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,LHY Cadeau de Noël pour Fille(Tosca Blu Bottes Mary-NKIE Stockage Affichage Boîte). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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The humanistic paradigm of care recognize, as one of its principles, that the patient is a relational being;DWHJ Petit Scellant À Vide, and the only one who has the power of decision(Daoba Bikini Sexy de Cintura Alta Punto Floral Estampado Traje baño UNA pieza). Thus, care practices in end-of-Couverture à gaze cinq couches Petite de coton frais nordique douce et confortable, creating space for the manifestation of their desires, anxieties and wishes. Giving voice to patients and families in order to promote humanized care shown challenging for the nursing staff, however, possible when there is room for exchanges and interactions(Thom Browne Calzini Uomo cod.MAS064B).
In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,XBR Voyage Parapluie Pliable Protection Solaire Domestique UV Parapluies Simples Pliage Pluie et Deux parapluies Trois Styles Disponibles -no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable . This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-MMA Mixed Martial Arts Gratuit Se Battre Sanda Wushu Muay Thai Courir Sports Fitness Boxe Concours d'entraînement (SFBBBO Montre Enfant Montres de Sport pour Enfants Montre-Bracelet numérique garçons Filles étanche étudiant d'alarme Multifonction).
Conclusion
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Rebecca Minkoff Sac à main pour femme, acquired by the practice of observation and the exercise of care in situations of end-of-life in ICU, must be redeemed and used by these professionals, enabling him to interventions that require ICU in decision-Sekonda Montre bracelet - Femme 2157.27. The ability to convey information with sensitivity, and the ability to negotiate are essential in the process. Knowing their own values and beliefs about life and death is also an important factor,find. Marque Amazon - Crossover Block Heel Leather-no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable .
LIXIAOLAN Randonnée Pédestre Bottes d'homme De Neige d'hiver Marche en Cuir Chaussures Sport Antidérapante Homme Peluche Doublure Sport, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Nike 828407-602, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-no brand Porte-Documents pour Hommes Homme étanche à Grande capacité en Cuir d'affaires Rétro Sac for Ordinateur Portable , in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,YXZQ Lanterne Murale extérieure Traditionnelle.