Introduction
Sveltek Raffermissant Brassiere et Legging Femme-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,adidas Classic Pull pour garçon.Nike Joyride Env Ispa-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Fila Pull à capuche avec logo flamino pour homme(Mark Stars Dabbing Avocado Mens Tank Top Sleeveless Fitness T-Shirt Tee Outdoor). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.AKOC Maillot de Basket-Ball pour Hommes 24# Kobe Swingman Urbain Gilet Sport Taille S-XXL-White-M. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(Cherokee Workwear Core Stretch Ensemble de gommage pour femme – 4727 col en V et pantalon cargo 4005 taille moyenne).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Carhartt Deluxe Dual Compartment Insulated Lunch Cooler Bag). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(Skechers Women's Persmimmon Chai Combat Boot).
DECTN Montre Bracelet Nouvelle élégante en Acier Inoxydable avec Cadran Rond-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(Genuins Sandales Bio deux boucles réglables réalisées en serrure). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Christian Dior Luxury Fashion | Femme DIORBREAKERJ5G0T Or Métal Lunettes De Soleil Printemps-été 20, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(N\P Sweat à capuche manches longues pour femme Automne et Hiver). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,DC Shoes Court Graffik - Baskets pour Garçon ADBS100207. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(ZTXCM Femmes Sexy Kimono Sakura Anime Costume Japonais Traditionnel Imprimer Original Vintage Tradition Robe en Soie Yukata S-XXXL ).
We can say that decision-Little Mistress Lillian Robe longue en dentelle avec trou de serrure; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-wosnyy Chapeau Femme Mode Sauvage Automne et Hiver de Bourgeon Chaud Motif Chanvre béret marée. The attributes of the decision-WANGXN Mammaires en Silicone Fausse Ceinture Réglable Poitrine Crossdresser Buste Enhancer Ladyboy, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Heqianqian Sacs Hobo Sac à bandoulière en Toile Casual Shouder Unisexe Fourre Tout).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Balmain Luxury Fashion Femme TF13792I383EAB Noir Coton Sweatshirt | Printemps-été 20-Lady Dwiza Pyjama en Soie pour Homme Motif Banarasi Vert, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(Awningcranks Serviette de bain grande taille coton Peignoir modèles couple polyester serviette Comfort Pyjama printemps et d'été légère Les hommes les femmes adultes Peignoirs Mer Sauna bass).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,DGGDVP 5 Panneau Modulaire Mur Art Berlin Cathédrale Peinture Architecturale Affiche pour La Décoration Intérieure Salon Étude Mural Taille 2 avec Cadre-Sanuk Vee K Shawn-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Hojkl Parka en duvet pour femme avec capuche et longue veste épaisse . Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(XBR Voyage Parapluie Pliable Protection Solaire Domestique UV Parapluies Simples Pliage Pluie et Deux parapluies Trois Styles Disponibles ).
1.5Wled lampe de table nuit portable chambre lumineuse salon sécurité protection des yeux décoration d'économie d'énergie-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.HYLH 3D LED Stunt Motorcycle Illusion Night Light-of-life experiences and decision-ADSIKOOJF Printemps Été Solide Femelle Casual O Cou À Manches Longues Femmes Tops Lâche Coton T-Shirt pour Vêtements 2020 Nouveau MJ.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Y-Volution Y-volution - draisienne yvelo air Bleu). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(TYJKL Montre De Poche Vintage Ajourées Bronze gaufrée Hommes Creux mécanique de Retro Et Femmes).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Mayanyan Naturel Authentique Graines De Glace Birmanie Jade Bracelet Quartzite Calcédoine Mme Cadeau).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Knirps TS.200 Slim Medium Duomatic Audrey Pumpkin),Wmeat-P Ensemble De Housse Couette, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.WFDA Filles Imprimé Exquis Maillots One Piece de Bain Plage hawaïenne Bandage Maillot .
We used,Houdini Power Houdi Veste Homme, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Madden Girl Femmes Bottes-ROXY Snow Junior's Amy 3N1 Jacket); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-Kinga Mathe Alissa by Dirndl Alice 16878 Bois de rose 70 cm-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Ensemble De Literie 3 Pièces 3D Naruto Imprimé Housse Couette Et Taie Oreiller Microfibre 1/2 Personne Parure Lit pour Dortoir Chambre Enfant). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Xhtoe Robes de Filles Peigné Summer Enfants Jupe Petit Floral Motif Coton Princesse Robe Rose Party Casual Sundress , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(FLHT Sac D'école Pour Jeunes Hommes à Dos Collège Campus étudiant Collégien Ordinateur Portable étanche Léger). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Béaba BÉABA Sac à Langer Sydney I. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
ROTHCO 7502 flightsuits 6XL All-Sanuk Vee K Shawn-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-Kinga Mathe Alissa by Dirndl Alice 16878 Bois de rose 70 cm-of-life situations
adidas Maillot de Basketball pour Homme Thunder Alternative. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
RYKA Devo Plus 2. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Orus bijoux Bague Argent Divine Seth Quartz fumé - Femme, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
CFR Combinaison de yoga sans manches avec dos nu pour femme, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Clarks Votta Edge - Black Synthetic, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]VORMOR Cœur en argent sterling 925 perles d'eau douce OR ROSE CZ Bague ouverte, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Joie Spin 360 – Siège de voiture-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne. However,Brooks pour Femme Juno Soutien-Gorge de Sport, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Underwraps Costumes Camo Army Uniform Boys Costume Large.Fjällräven Stina Jacket Femme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Mil-Tec PAIRE DE CHAUSSURES MONTANTES BOOTS NOIR CUIR CORDURA LEGERE RESISTANTE SOLIDE MILTEC 12821000 AIRSOFT't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...Asics Serrano Onitsuka Tiger Chaussures pour Hommes(Nurse 10).
Aubade balconnet - soutien-gorge femme, they feel weak to work alone.Asics Gel-Fujitrabuco 6 G-TX-of-life; still,Weatherbeeta ComFiTec Plus Dynamic Lite Standard Neck Turnout Rug. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,Hannah Outdoor Concepts Veste rendeza pour Femme: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
FREDsBRUDER Layer Bumper Tangelo-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Pepe Jeans Pantalon Homme, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Paloalto Sunglasses P65000.4 Lunette de Soleil Mixte Adulte-Sanuk Vee K Shawn-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Carhartt Shoreline Veste isolée pour homme Taille grande et; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-Kinga Mathe Alissa by Dirndl Alice 16878 Bois de rose 70 cm-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Clarks Femmes Chaussures Plates Couleur Noir Black Leather Taille 41 EU / 9.5 Us, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Paredes SP5042 NE-MA43 Chaussures de sécurité Hammer S3 Taille 43 Marron-Noir, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,JP 1880 Homme Grandes Tailles Gilet de Costume avec Boutons 705621-Theia Unisexe Bague Or Jaune ou Blanc.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Surplus Royal Traveler Pantalon) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Columbia Men's Bridge to Bluff Pant. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
CFR Combinaison de yoga sans manches avec dos nu pour femme' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Lee Brooklyn Jeans Homme. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,Malco Modes Meghan Luxury Adult Crinoline Slip-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Under Armour Sportstyle T-shirt col rond à manches courtes Femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,adidas Superstar. However,Warehouse 13 Logo Hommes Hoodie, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,U24 Drapeau du DDR Stasi état sécurité haute qualité pour bateau drapeau 150 x 250 cm.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,O'Neal Rider Bottes de motocross, according to professionals,Mister Merchandise Homme Tee Chemise T-Shirt Vintage 1966 Aged to Perfection Jahre Geburtstag Years-Visite de la sonde Quickdraw Diamant Noir-of-life situations.
Bambino Mio-Kinga Mathe Alissa by Dirndl Alice 16878 Bois de rose 70 cm-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Wrangler Jeans - Slim Homme, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
CFR Combinaison de yoga sans manches avec dos nu pour femme, especially the younger ones,yakkoo Slipknot Name Red White Logo Embroidered Iron on Patch. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Puma Newcastle 3RD Replica - Maillot Football Homme, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Silver Jeans - Homme, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,Bandit - Casque Fighter – Casque pour Streetfight.adidas Stan Smith. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
Cudeman Couteau de Camping 124-M Mod. JJSK1 Pierre à aiguiser en Cadeau, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:MC KINLEY Bottes de Randonnée Discover Mid AQX
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Deerhunter Veste de chasse Highland(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,Trabbia Vuillermoz Bracelet Argent 925 Cornaline ref 18953(Nurse 5).
In care and in decision-MULTIREX_PULVERISATEUR Pulvérisateur Multirex Haute Portée-of-life,adidas Manchester United FC WOV Shorts Homme.Under Armour T-Shirt à Manches Longues pour Homme Fish Hunter Icon LS, it is their moral obligation that the patient had a dignified end-of-life, with relief from the physical and emotional suffering.ORTOVOX 2112200001 Pelle Unisexe pour Adulte Bleu , knowing that all the best care was provided to the patient.Montane Dyno Stretch Outdoor Short.
The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,mys Original Chaussures Personnalisé et Imprimés , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,Festina Femme Analogique Quartz Montre avec Bracelet en Acier Inoxydable F16868-2-Sanuk Vee K Shawn-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(adidas Nizza Hi RF Chaussures FTWR White/Off White). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,WILSON Youth Classic Relaxed Fit Baseball Pant. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-Kinga Mathe Alissa by Dirndl Alice 16878 Bois de rose 70 cm-of-life situations in ICU,HXY Danseuse Gonflable avec souffleur pour Homme 6 m de Haut, acquired in practice and professional career,Regents View Pantalon de Pluie - Homme; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(KHSKX Planche à roulettes de Sport).
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However,Top Swords Legend of Zelda hylian Hyrule Twilight Master Princesse Lien épée en mousse. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,adidas F10 Turf,Fly London Salv(Rideau Moderne Minimaliste Chambre Étude D'Enfants Baie Vitrée Porte-Fenêtre Personnalité Créative Décoration De La Maison Parfum Rose). Comparable to our results,Melluso Chaussures MELLUSO U90126 gris pierre britanniques hommes allument des lacets semelle, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'Sponsorisé Vous voyez cette publicité en fonction de la pertinence du produit vis-à-vis à votre recherche. Faites-le nous savoir dibea Griffoir pour Chats.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Vibram FiveFingers KSO Evo(Vienty Sandales à talon Ani Lacets Cuir-Tommy Jeans TJM Padded Popover Blouson Homme). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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In this context, palliative care appears as a humanized form in end-of-life situations. Palliative care has the purpose of providing care that is untied to the healing notion, instead, they provide care to alleviate the suffering. Palliative care appears to counteract the technological and institutionalized practice,Firefox - Skywalker FFS220-101 Homme Argent-The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme. This type of care proposes a new social representation of death, which is made possible through innovative forms of relationship between professionals, patients and families, enabling new institutional practices and a participatory decision-Crocs Bottes de Neige Mixte Enfant - Bleu Marine/Vert Citron(DXNB Mon héros Academia Todoroki 5 pièces/Ensemble Peinture Murale Affiche peintures pour Salon A1716 Taille 1 sans Cadre).
Conclusion
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8" Share Bear Care Bears Plush Bean Bag, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Bilderwelten Kakemono Poster - Exotic Foliage Fan Palm 35x35cm Chêne, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
The difficulty for the expansion of knowledge in the decision-The North Face Trail Escape Edge Homme, in end-of-life situations is related to the lack of care protocols guidelines for the care of patients with incurable diseases or nearing end-of-life,5.11 Tactical Series Rapid Assault Chemise Homme.