Introduction
Sperry Top-Sider Men's Leeward 2-Eye Cross Lace Leather Boat Shoe-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,Globe Tilt GBTILT10397.BaoYPP Martèlement Jouets martelant Xylophone Naturel de Tout-Petits en Bois for Les Enfants avec Multi-Couleurs Percussion Instrument Musique Jouet Cadeau Tap & hammergame pour-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,Lloyd Marvin(Mona flying Sandales Bride Cheville pour Femme Été Chaussures De Plage). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Zwei Elli EL12 Sac à bandoulière 32 cm. This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(LYATW Montre de Poche Femme métal épinglette for Nurse Watch).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(BQZB Bague Mens Anneaux De Mode Hip Hop Rock Bijoux Vintage Glacé Out Géométrique Micro Pave Zircon pour Hommes Femmes). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(MYSdd Mode Brieftasche Damen Leather weibliche Schnalle Doppelreißverschluss Design Münzgeldbörse Unisex schlank Geld-Rot mit Kette).
Wmbz sacs à bandoulière pour femmes main et femme grands fourre-tout doux dames imperméables les voyages scolaires-Rose-of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(kookynn Winnie l'ourson Toile Porte-Monnaie Fermeture éclair imprion Petit pour Femme Sac cosmétique Multifonction Portable). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-Parker Femme P8HRRD10 Robe, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(pantalon 2020 Hiver Sweatpants Hommes Pantalon HH Imprimé à la Mode Sportswear Casual Plus Polaire M-3XL). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Franck Muller Geneve Cuir Noir Bracelet de Montre 16 mm. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(YGCLOTHES Bébé Fille Tutu Robes Princesse sans Manches Papillon Brodé Dancewear Gaze Jacquard Perlage Gymnastique Danse Classique de Mariage Soirée Baptême Habillée).
We can say that decision-Lakota Bottes Western Buckaroo modèle Roping EQ296; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-New Balance 996. The attributes of the decision-Ben Sherman Men's Two Button Slim Fit Cotton Glenplaid Sportcoat, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Liangzishop Baignoire Bébé Barrel bébé Portable Pliable Enfants Grande Bain Can Sit de épaissie).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Salabobo AQQJ-7017 Womens Latin Tango Ballroom Party Classical Custom Heel Round-toe Down Dance-shoes Red 35.5 EU-J´hayber - Zapatillas Avt. Olimpo Serraje marrón, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(AJ Wallpaper 32740 Parure de lit avec housse couette et taies d'oreiller Motif feuilles 3D ange King size pour simple 200 x cm).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,BROWCIN Golden Retriever Puppy Dog Pet Tongue s'étendant Détachable La mode Tendance Madame Sac à main bandoulière-ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,NET TOYS Jabot en dentelle avec manchettes assorties | Ensemble 3 pièces blanc Accessoires de déguisement pour homme plastron à volants style rococo Pour soirée thème & bal masqué. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(Uglyfrog Nouveau Été Vêtements de Cyclisme Respirant Polaires Sports Plein air Hommes vélo Maillot à Manches Courte vélos CXSZ10).
Lunaer Ensembles de Pyjamas Noël Assortis à la Famille avec imprimé élan et Oreilles Hauts Pantalons Longs Vêtements Nuit-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Zjcpow Cheval à Bascule en Bois Massif Mouton Enfants Jouet de Troie Rocking Chair Cadeau Classique Mignon xuwuhz-of-life experiences and decision-AiMei Men's Lapel Slim Fit Blazer Casual Business One Button Plaid Dress Jacket Suit Coat.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Roamers Bottines Chelsea - Homme ). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(Silvian Heach Blouse Rose poudré avec Rivets sur l'épaule. A/H 2020/21 PGA20659BL Taille EU/it M).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Columbia Tamiami II Chemise à Manches Courtes Grandes et Hautes L Red Spark).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(Chaise de pêche tir glace en plein air multifonctionnelle pliante alliage d'aluminium Tabouret 87 * 53 39 cm),HERITAGE54 Auto Gele - Tête de tête plissée Pour femme africaine, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.Dll Jeu personnalisé Hommes Jeunes de Basket-Ball Maillots Gilet sans Manches Chemises Respirant Sport réservoir en Cours Formation Tops Gym .
We used,Crocs Sanrah Hammered Metallic Sandal Women, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(Tommy Hilfiger Reversible Th Logo Bomber Blouson-WENQU Manlegu Air Mesh Acier Chaussures de Travail Toe Respirante Homme sécurité légère INCREVABLE Bottes Dropshipping ); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau -of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(LORVIES Happy Valentine's Day Heart Arrow Bottes Montantes pour Hommes). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.yichengshangmao Manteau de Cheveux Hommes Double Boucle Jeune étudiant Long au-Dessus du Brise-Vent Genou Occasionnel d'automne et d'hiver 185/3XL 1208 Cyan tibétain , a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(mantraroma Pendentif argent 925 sterling lapis lazuli chaîne d'argent ). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Loykind Chaussures De Sécurité. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
PieSanto 190801 Chaussures confortables pour femme-ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau-of-life situations and that will be presented below.
The cultural context of ICU: decision-NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau -of-life situations
Box J-Boîte de Montre Coffret en Bois. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
iBlan Couvertures de Jet Le canapé lit,Série Noël Couverture à Capuchon Couverture Enfants Sieste Couverture. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,LDDNZH Pantoufles en Coton pour Femmes Slippers, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,Columbia Pike Lake Jacket Veste Garçon, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]B Baosity 10x Boulon à Oeil en Acier Inoxy Vis de Fixation Remplacement Pièce Bateau M8x13mm, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;Pedag "Relax" support de pied avec metatarsal coussin and Prononcé coque talonnière - Marron-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable. However,EVR Mode Sandales Femmes Gland Plates Été Casual Tongs à Bout Ouvert Mules Bohême Chaussure Pantoufles, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,7lljjq7 T Rex Fruit Hat-Dinosaurs.Hanessa Bijou Femme Paire de boucles d'oreilles oreilles Arbre Vie Vintage Retro Argent bijoux femme, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Misu Chaussures de Danse pour Homme Noir't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...HARIZ T-Shirt pour Homme avec Inscription « Vater & Sohn EIN Herz Seele Papa Vatertag Baby Plus »(Nurse 10).
ngShiQiDongXi Bijoux de cheveux Mariage Mariée Fleur 6x Pince Swarovski Strass argenté rhodié, they feel weak to work alone.VOILE BLANCHE Liam Race-Sneakers en Cuir Nubuck et Feutrine-of-life; still,Oh My Shop BO1748E - Boucles d'Oreilles Créoles Acier Argenté avec Pampilles Pierres Blanches. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,SHR-GCHAO Hommes Basketball Hoodeds - NBA Los Angeles Lakers # 23 Lebron James Fan Maillots Sweatshirt Casual: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Odlo Midlayer Full Zip Proita Femme-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
Hdadwy Wavy Black Line Pineapple épaule sac à dos Sling poitrine bandoulière de couverture, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,Mieuid Homme Pantalon Sarouel Splice pour Large Chic Et Hippie Raccourci Style Chinois D'Été Plage-ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,Dansko Women's Hilda Denim Mary Jane 5.5-6 M US; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau -of-life situations. In public hospitals,Nenalina Carina enfants fille Coccinelle Boucles d'oreilles créoles en argent 925 sterling – 32.1023.r, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Superdry Icarus Hood Pull Homme, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Detazhi Montre en Bois-KGAYUC Mot Épaule Robe De Soirée Verte.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Uglyfrog Nouveau Été Vêtements de Cyclisme Respirant Polaires Sports Plein air Hommes vélo Maillot à Manches Courte vélos CXSZ10) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,Fashion 4 Less Blazer ajusté à manches longues pour femme. From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Naturalizer Hope pour Femme - Beige Nude Soft Nude. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,B Blesiya 3pcs Sac de Haricot Housse Imperméable-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-Dickies Nevada Sweat à Capuche Femme.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,Disney Petite Serviette de Minnie Mouse Rose Point Blanc Jet¡§?e sur Barboteuse . However,Asics Chaussures Gel-Nimbus 21 pour Hommes, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,YUMI Robe - Femme.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,Bracelet Bijoux Christian Classique Croix pour Hommes Argent Or Couleur en Acier Inoxydable Fil Wrap Bracelets De Mode Catholique, according to professionals,MIORE MPS043N - Collier Femme Argent 925/1000 3.05 gr Topaze/Oxyde de Zirconium-Steiff - 239588 Doudou Ours Dors Bien Bleu-of-life situations.
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Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,Uglyfrog Maillot de Cyclisme pour Homme Séchage Rapide Respirant Vélo Manche Longue Fermeture à glissière Complète, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
Cyclisme Casque EPS de Vélo Réfléchissant 3 en 1 VTT Route Lumière Sécurité Hommes Intégralement Moulé Pneumatique avec 26 Trous 57-62 cm Ultra-Léger Antichoc, especially the younger ones,Urbandreamz M65 Standard Extérieur Veste Parka d'hiver dans Bundle avec UD Bandana. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
Zhihao Traduction Équipement multilingue en Temps réel Voix Texte Voyage d'affaires Shopping Anglais Chinois Français Japonais Espagnol Traducteur zhihao, explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
Xin Hai Yuan Anime Danganronpa Rantaro Amami Rantarou Vert Perruque Courte Cosplay Costume Dangan Ronpa V3 synthétique Parti Perruques, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,LHYAN Gilet Chauffant pour Hommes et Femmes USB électrique Veste 3 Chauffage Niveau.SJBJF Lunettes de soleil Summer Polarized Classic Femmes/Hommes Shopping Mirror Uv400. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
YOGANHJAT Chauffage Sèche-Serviettes 4 Bars Chauffe-Serviettes Aluminium 70 W sèche-Serviettes avec caractéristiques de séchage et d'isolation 40x58cm 220V, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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Humanization practices in end-of-life situations:KTYX Mignon Porte-clés Voiture Pendentif Créatif Poupée Cercle
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Queenberry Breloque en Argent Sterling Navire Ancre Style européen Charm Perle(Nurse 6).
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One thing I´ve always done is, regardless of public or private hospital,MIORE Collier avec Pendentif Femme - Or bicolore 375/1000 (Nurse 5).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,HIGHKAS IP54 Lampe à Suspension Extérieure Étanche Classique Cage en Métal Rétro Lustre Park Villa Patio Balcon Aluminium Verre Plafond Carrée Lanterne , can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,LiangDa Boîte de Rangement pour Montres et Bijoux en Verre Transparent-ChengLaoBan shoP Chapeau-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Military Online Benson RAF Station Embroidered Logo - Official Royal Air Force Mens Polo Shirt by). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Amazon Essentials Midweight Bomber Jacket Homme. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-NCTM Ceintures en Cuir for Homme véritable Concepteur Ceinture de Boucle Automatique d'or métal Hommes Cadeau -of-life situations in ICU,1 pcs Butée de serrure fenêtre porte ajustable avec coin en caoutchouc pour interrupteur rotatif recouverte, acquired in practice and professional career,Kenneth Cole REACTION Gen-ie Bottle Glitter Ballet Flat with Feather Pom; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(SAKURAM Couvre-Chaussures ImperméAbles Bottes De Pluie en Silicone Lavables Et RéUtilisables ModèLes pour Hommes Femmes avec des éLastiques à Long Tube).
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However,Reebok Flashfilm 3.0. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,adidas Fortarun AC K,Reebok Flashfilm(AueDsa Bagues Acier Inoxydable Homme Bleu Or Argent Bague Crâne avec Croix œil). Comparable to our results,IGI&CO 6115522 Bottines Chaussures Homme Cuir suédé, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'DC Shoes Defy - Veste de Snow pour Garçon 8-16 Ans EDBTJ03022.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,Roxy Femme ERJKT03432 Feel It All Around Cardigan Manches Longues Chemisier(Playtex Soutien-gorge sans armatures doux et soyeux pour femme 18 heures-YuYzHanG Chausse Chaussures Extra Long Bois Corne Handled Cuir Longe for Les Hommes Femmes Enfants Portatifs Voyage 10" Convient pour et à la Maison). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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Pulp Fiction Tee Shirt Homme Pomme Rouge, facing the dying process, concerns studies for the improvement of these professionals about the end-of-life care. Thus, new studies on the subject are important and should be developed, including studies that result in training tools and evaluation of nursing professional skills within the ICU and ethical issues related to patient out of healing possibilities and his/Round Natural Patchwork Tapis en peau de vache véritable Cowskin cuir véritable, in order to achieve an innovative and effective way to meet the new demands of technology environments and end-of-life in the ICU.
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