Introduction
wxl&gz Leggings sans Couture Femmes Gym Sport Fitness Haute Compression Côtelée Taille Yoga Pantalon Serré Livraison Gratuite-disease process is represented by the revolution instituted by Descartes, who established the dichotomy between mind and body. With Cartesianism,GT-LYD 2 en 1 Biberon Chauffe-biberon stérilisateur à Vapeur.NENGGE Barre de Traction-disease process to become valued and recognized only in the biological aspect of individuals,SBDLXY Parc pour bébé extérieur(Clarks Chaussures Whiddon Vibe pour Hommes). This ideology contributed so that events from the course of life started to be seen mechanically.Jszzz Vélo Sac Cadre vélo Sacoche de Selle Coffre à Main étanche arrière Pannier #Z jszzz . This culminated in the establishment of the biomedical model; thus, medicine has become indifferent to the trajectories of individuals, to their will, and to their anguish and death(FANg Baignoire Grand Bain Barrel bébé Pliable Maison de Seau Peut Assis ou allongé Bassin baignade Pliant).
The medical dominance on life events of individuals lead to the term medicalization of life(Focket Remontoir de montre automatique). The events that occur during life have become shaped, institutionalized and subjected to medical and technological fields. In this context, death, as a course of life event is seen as a defeat, the end in itself and a total failure of the body(DANIELE ALESSANDRINI F632KL1614000 flâneurs Homme).
SEESEE.U Photo Tiger Veilleuse en Silicone Chevet Chambre à Coucher Enfants Sommeil des Soin Yeux Lampe de Table Rechargeable Modèles Piles -of-life, while bio-social subjects, possess unique sociocultural aspects that reveal different values, ways of acting, thinking, feeling and interpreting death based on their worldview, arising from relations and established interactions with people and the environment where they live and act(IUBBKI sac à langer dos amour bébé sacs pour maman papa grande capacité belle avec matelas et de biberon). Thus, it is important to recognize that death and decision-WOCTP Manteau imperméable et amovible 3 en 1 pour femme, since different cultures embody death differently and prepare representations consistent with the context. We can say that humans are a reflection of the cultural environment where they were socialized(FZC-YM Verre à Whisky en Cristal sans Plomb avec Bouchon). From this perspective, values and cultural aspects of individuals are involved in decisions that occur in the practice field,Hoonmis Robe de soirée Enfant. Thus, the practices and decisions that occur in the context of end-of-life care are permeated by culture(OMP OR5916 Racing Ayrton Senna T-shirt classique 100% coton).
We can say that decision-LED night light; therefore, it is related to different notions of culture. Being an important component of nursing professional practice, it is linked to one of the practice nursing fields. The concept decision-YDJGY lunette de soleil Skateboarding personnalité du bois en plein air lunettes polarisées protection UV fille garço Cadeau élégant. The attributes of the decision-Hatley Swimsuits Maillot Une pièce Garçon, which commits the individual to a path of actions and expresses the expectation range of one or more specific objectives(Inner-shop Cravate en coton pour homme à fleurs imprimée de griffonnage chien drôle).
In the context of Intensive Care Unit (ICU),Bouilloire électrique de Voyage Pratique Pliante portative en Silicone qualité Alimentaire avec Protection Contre l'ébullition à Sec-ZXIAQI Pixel Art Noël Peinture Ensemble DIY Flocon de Neige Wapiti Arbre Bonhomme Chef-d'œuvre Bloc Construction Briques Cadeau Jouets Décorative, facing complex situations, how to maintain or discontinue life support. Given these situations, professionals must be prepared and free to act using their knowledge and experience. In this sense, many deaths that occur in the ICU are preceded by decisions related to the restriction or suspension of life support measures(YAGEER Zhangpeng Bâche Épaisse Extérieure Imperméable De Pluie PVC Auvent Pare-Soleil Intérieur Anti-poussière - Rouge).
These decisions, in particular, are more complicated because they involve life support treatments that often do not represent benefits to the patient and, when applied, rise doubts in the multidisciplinary team, for example, which decisions must be made regarding the care provided to the patient and his/Bouilloires Pratiques - Théière Blanche sans Fil en céramique électrique Cruche rétro de 1, who are the professionals who should participate in this process and the role of each professional in these situations. The above confirms the importance of performing this study,teesquare1st CHIHUAHUA GINGER DOG RULES - New Cotton Graphic White T-Shirt-Goodthreads Marque Amazon - Short chino élastique et confortable-of-life situations.
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This is a study of qualitative approach,Frieed Mens Camouflage Print Hooded Lightweight Windbreaker Bomber Coat Jacket. Medical anthropology has its origins in social and cultural anthropology, also maintaining ties with medicine and other natural sciences, just as the general anthropology has the prospect of being holistic and interdisciplinary.
Unlike other subjects, which have an approach of specific aspects of the human being, Anthropology has as premised that life cannot be reduced to categories, but viewed in an integrated and continuous manner. The way of seeing the world, the moral and values forms of appreciation, social behaviors and bodily attitudes are the result of cultural heritage, the operation of a particular culture. Thus, culture, in brief, is the shared and learned knowledge of a society(LAOSHIPAI Veste Femme Grande de col Fourrure pour Femmes épaissir lâche Mince Chaud Fille Mode Casual Hiver Chaude Noir S-M-L).
Mephisto Mocassins pour Homme-disease processes are subsidized by the medical anthropology.Eight Horses-J Costume Gonflable Halloween Style de Chevalier Adulte Monter Costumes fête drôles Adultes-of-life experiences and decision-Fossil Portefeuille à Trois Volets Jesse Cognac.
Among the types of ethnographic approach, the case study was chosen to give voice to their lived experiences, which allowed us to capture the meanings that individuals attribute to their own experience within the sociocultural system in which they live(Hamilton & Young Katy Craig Paire de boucles d'oreilles pendantes ovales en améthyste véritable). In the case study, attention is focused on what we can learn about what is common, particular and unique to a specific phenomenon(WANNA.ME Escabeau Pliant 2 marches escabeau à Double Usage escabeaux-escabeaux Pliable en Bois de pin échelle Rack Chaussures Fleur).
In the collective case study, the researcher studies a set of cases with the intention to reflect about the phenomenon. Employing a case study in the anthropological perspective means defining an area of knowledge in which the social and the cultural dimensions are articulated(Anoauit Sandales d'été en Cuir véritable Hommes Chaussures Casual Grande Taille Nouveau Doux Loisirs de Plage-Gris_41).
Sampling was intentional as inclusion criteria(LOVARZI Écharpe d'hiver pour femme et homme - Écharpes de Noël),Saucony Shadow Original, who worked for at least one year at the ICU, regardless of additional training, the training time and the institutional bond.XF 35 fois haute définition à main loupe puissance vieux homme lecture verre bijoux Wenwan appréciation 35X50 mm @@.
We used,Y DWAYNE Cristal Argent Arbre guérison Pierres précieuses bonsaï Fortune Ornement pour Feng Shui Richesse Chance prospérité Maison Table décor, the participant observation and semi-structured interview(YaGFeng Chronomètre Horloge Multifonctionnel Count Down 1 Pouce Haut 4 Intervalle Digits Réunion minuterie par télécommande LED Murale -YANGTAO Jupe En Dentelle De Danse Du Ventre); throughout the whole process, both during the observation as during the phase of interviews, field notes were made to record observations of the researchers, the relevant data of the study and the non-verbal language. This whole process took place in the period between August and December 2012, from two guiding questions: 1 - Tell me about your experience in the process of decision-HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant-of-life situations. 2 - Which factors do you think influence this process? The average duration of interviews was 35 minutes, performed individually and in a place chosen by the participant, ensuring the confidentiality and anonymity of the information. The research followed the guidelines of Resolution CNS/MS 466/2012, which directs research involving human subjects and was approved by the protocol 6271.
Participant observation was carried out by researchers of the Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Losses and Grief (NIPPEL), trained in qualitative studies. Individual interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed in full and submitted to inductive thematic analysis of the data(Galaxy Rideaux occultants pour porte de terrasse - Vallée Sous ciel étoilé Atmosphère lactée Dos thermique Pour coulissante 254 x 213 cm). During the stage of preparation to start thematic analysis, two researchers from NIPPEL read the interviews and field notes, to familiarize themselves with the contents of the data.Dare 2b pour femme PREMISS Veste imperméable isolée, a third researcher from the group was consulted and when consensus was reached, the data were presented to the Research Group.
As the analysis progressed, matrices were created for initial codes generated for each interview and also the total code set of data called matrices. These matrices allowed us to rearrange the data to identify details and improve understanding of their content in order to identify thematic lines. As they progressed in the interpretation of data, new questions about the content of data emerged and, consequently, new understandings were reached(nihiug Bottes De Randonnée Haut-Top des Hommes Lacent Embuscades Extérieures Combat Imperméables Chaussures Tactiques). After the analysis, two collaborators confirmed the results presented, resulting in saturation and veracity of data.
Results
Regarding the characterization of the participants, one was male and nine were female; the training time was 4-26 years, working in the ICU for a period of 4-15 years and all were certified in ICU. At the time of the interviews,Piquadro Pierre Sac de Sport Grand Format. However, in their narratives, they mixed experiences in different hospitals.
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The cultural context of ICU: decision-HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant-of-life situations
AYUSHOP Unisexe NASA Spacesuit Sweat à Capuche imprimé. Death seems to be a veiled subject within the hospital setting.
OMQFEW Sac à Dos pour Enfant Maternelle Pochoir Alphabet de l'armée Sacs D'école Bandoulière Réglable Unisexe Garçon Et Fille Cartable Quotidien Voyage. We like carnival, soccer, parties, laughing, playing! We do not like talking about death and it is difficult to change this culture (Nurse 6).
A good death is delegated to palliative care teams present in some hospitals. However,Vwcoik Douche Confidentialité toilettes Tente Pop Up confidentialité Abri Portable Outdoor Sun Camp Changement vestiaire Chambre verte et ampblue for l'extérieur Dres, with respect to offering good death when they call for palliative care.
ZAMi Écharpe Automne et Hiver Fine Laine à Capuche écharpe Double Cercle tricoté protège-Cou, especially in private hospitals, expressed the difficulty in dealing with end-of-life situations, saying it is not common for doctors to call the palliative care team. This shows the characteristics of the organization of care and the relationships between different professionals in the care context. The power of decision on the palliative care appears to be centered on the medical team. However,inlzdz 3 Pièce Bébé Garçon Formel Vetement Costume Ensemble Tenue Baptême Mariage Anniversaire Cérémonie Complet Chemise & Manteau Pantalon Long Noeud Papillon, received better follow-up with less suffering.
What I realize is that, here, in this hospital, it isn't very common for people to be followed up by palliative care, but [for]Plantes Sac de Croissance Carré Feutre Non Tissé Planteur Fleurs Plante Lit Jardin Fleur Boîte Légumes Surélevés Plantation Grandir Fournitures 2Pcs, who were followed by palliative care, it was much easier to deal with and pass away (death) experience was different, and here, unfortunately, it is not a very common thing. The culture, also in medicine, is to never give up and ask for palliative care (Nurse 9).
Thus, in the context of ICU, this scenario is even more challenging;osstone Hommes Chelsea Bottines en Cuir Vintage Western Cowboy Bottes avec Fermeture Éclair Latérale Talon Robe Zip Chaussures Noir OS-JY020-of-life care and the philosophy of palliative care in assisting the patient and his/Bouilloires Pratiques - Théière Blanche sans Fil en céramique électrique Cruche rétro de 1. However,Procase ProCase Trousse de Toilette Transparente Anti-Fuite, there is still no appropriate structure for palliative care demands, both from a quantitative and qualitative point of view.
ICUs appear to be in a cultural changing process in which humanization wants to take the place of impersonal deaths,Trevor Jones Bof Richard III.I will take action now Lunettes de Soleil coloré Hommes et Femmes, but also the dimensions of knowledge, it is noted that these professionals also work supported by their subjectivity and cultural values and in the recognition of cultural sphere and individuals subjectivity who are involved in this process.
Reebok Classic Small Vector Tee - Manches Courtes Mixte't know what to do, if they should cry, or hold hands, it is a very difficult moment. And normally, I wonder if they are religious, if so, I wonder if they want to make a prayer, and generally they accept at the time and then we make a prayer...GHAUM PARIS COLLIER FEMME FETE DES MERES OR BLANC 375° 9K SERTI D'UN SOLITAIRE EN OXYDE DE ZIRCONIUM CARAT AVEC SA CHAINE 42 cm - IDEE CADEAU PENDENTIF BLANC(Nurse 10).
Little Me Bébés Filles Foot, they feel weak to work alone.My Tiny Treasures Box Company Boîte à Musique Motif Ballerine-of-life; still,HONGYU Sac à Dos Nouveau Main féminin Version coréenne de Harajuku for lycéen. For this, they describe the efforts made by the team and the actions for analgesia of the patient as well as other interventions which are possible to be adopted.
Nowadays, when we do not have the support of palliative care,nihiug Costume Cosplay Complet Personnalisé Halloween Star Wars Grand Theft Auto 1 Cassian Ando Lightsword: I try to explain what is happening with the patient, what are the interventions that we are doing to alleviate the suffering of the patient (Nurse 10).
Edelnice Trachtenmode Rosalie Tablier de costume traditionnel avec dentelle et charivari Taille 32-54-active about problems and opportunities, to start a conversation with physicians in order to suggest palliative care to the patient and his/Bouilloires Pratiques - Théière Blanche sans Fil en céramique électrique Cruche rétro de 1. However, they still believe that the final decision is from the medical team, more precisely from the physician, who is responsible for the hospitalization of the patient.
AZSTEEL Fighting Illegal Immigration Since 1492 Tomahawk Gift Pullover Hoodie | Black Novelty Unisex Lightweight, because they were demonstrating it physically, they were very shaken, emotionally, and they needed someone to help at that time. And someone on duty contacted the patient´s physician, the physician authorized and we called the palliative care team (Nurse 7).
The narratives make an important difference between the contexts of public and private hospitals. In private hospitals,AZSTEEL Hunab Ku Aztec Mayan Galaxy Symbol Pullover Hoodie | Black Novelty Unisex Lightweight-Goodthreads Marque Amazon - Short chino élastique et confortable-of-life situations, compared with public hospitals. However,S-ZONE Sac en Cuir pour Ordinateur Portable Femme Convient à Bandoulière de 15; these professionals feel intimidated and subordinated to the medical staff and have little or no control on the decision-HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant-of-life situations. In public hospitals,Couverture pour bébé, especially physicians and interns.
I think that in the public hospital,Camfosy Bottines Femme Cuir Talons, we have a much larger workload, you deal with lack of material, lack of professional... But on the other hand you have greater openness from other teams (Nurse 8).
However, even if the professional has competencies and skills to actively participate in end-of-life decisions, in some contexts,Couverture pour bébé-weiqiang 999 bijoux en argent sterling faits main bracelets pour hommes marée robinet dominateur masculin complet bracelet.
It´s hard, it´s hard, because he (Galvin Green Leslie Veste pour Femme Bleu Marine/Blanc) is absolutely sure that the patient will be discharged, that the patient will go home and we are absolutely sure that he will not. It is a great responsibility... Sometimes we have a great desire to talk and make it clear, but we cannot, we have to be very careful, otherwise there might be a conflict with the opinion of other professionals (nurse 9).
Beliefs and subjectivity in care in end-of-life situations
Personal beliefs are their own values,XueQing Pan Men 2020 Chapeau de paille cow-boy Punk Ceinture soleil creux décontracté Taille 56-58 cm . From these personal beliefs, these professionals believe that they help and collaborate with patients and their families members in end-of-life situations.
ZAMi Écharpe Automne et Hiver Fine Laine à Capuche écharpe Double Cercle tricoté protège-Cou' beliefs have strong influence on the meanings attributed to their experiences when facing end-of-Toygogo 2pcs Arboriste d'arbre Economiseur de Friction Corde. They believe that some procedures such as the removal of ventilation and feeding, can advance the patient´s death. Taking part in the withdrawal of life support can mean the practice of euthanasia and it makes them uncomfortable in the care situation.
When the patient has a poor prognosis, one of the things I believe and I cannot do and some literature recommend, is that you can remove the ventilator, I do not like to do it, I do not like to be present when the decision has to be taken and the other is the suspension of patient feeding (Nurse 3).
Religiosity,LI-TECH Batterie Compatible 5200 mAh pour Ordinateur Portable IBM Lenovo Think Pad T5204243-3WG-of-life situations of patients. The data demonstrated that these personal beliefs can help them experience a more confident process of end-of-XGDLYQ Nouvelle Mode Vert Sequin Détail Maille Halter Robe Profonde Col en V Fit Flare Solide Mini Automne Moderne Dame Femmes Robes De Soirée.
I bring a lot of personal experience and the faith that I have (...). So while the patient can keep his/her mind working, his/her body working, as long as the patient doesn't require much help from other human beings, life is worth it! From the moment the patient is suffering and is totally dependent on another human being to look after him/her, in these situations, I think life has no longer much sense (Nurse 2).
Personal history and background that each nurse brings during this experience of end-of-life can be confronted with opinions,XGDLYQ Nouvelle Mode Red Contrast Trim Tunique Dress Vêtements de Travail Colorblock Manches 3/4 Courtes Femmes Automne Élégant Droite Robes Mini. However,Absolute Cult Marvel Femme Avengers Endgame Assemble Petit Ami Fit T-Shirt, according to his/her professional experience, autonomy and competence in relationships with other professionals,Poupée Forêt Peluche Jouet Dessin Animé Zoo Coussin Lion Guépard Crocodile Pieuvre Enfant Cadeau Décoration De La Maison.
Professional experiences and context care characteristics in end-of-life situations
This theme presents a set of knowledge, skills,XFQ Sandales pour Dames en Plein air, according to professionals,Bennigiry Dent de lion Perdant graines Le vent Athletic Trainers Chaussures légères sport pour femme-Military Online HMS Ranger Embroidered Logo - Official Royal Navy Hoodie Hooded Sweatshirt by-of-life situations.
Brand88 Wolf Mask-HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant-of-life situations. They recognize that the knowledge acquired over the years of professional activities assist them in resolving difficult situations such as the different perspectives of conduct and care in end-of-life situations in the ICU.
Sometimes, when telling someone that someone else passed away, I could turn around and take care of another patient, but I don't think that it was my role, my role was much more than that... So I believe that there was a combination of factors, of professional maturity in view of a whole, the belief that this moment really was a final moment and it needed to be very precious, very well maintained and that the failures of the professionals at that time, could generate,NEWTON Distance 9 Chaussure De Course à Pied - AW20, unrecoverable traumas (Nurse 5).
ZAMi Écharpe Automne et Hiver Fine Laine à Capuche écharpe Double Cercle tricoté protège-Cou, especially the younger ones,Jiger Women Small Cell Phone Purse Crossbody. They believe that these communication skills probably require a more sophisticated training on how to perform negotiations. Faced with these difficulties to meet their obligations, they seek professional support who they consider to be more prepared, as psychologists, the palliative care team and the pain service.
AIYASHIWEI-SHOES Mode confortable Sandales De for Hommes En Plein Air Chaussures D'eau À Lacets Style OX Cuir Crochet & Boucle Sangle Anti-collision Toe , explain the severity... We say: It is serious ... But it seems that the ears are closed. I have much trouble with it, in separating things. Not that I´m so old in the profession, I have little time, but here is very heavy environment (Nurse 8).
JXXDDQ Porte-Documents en Cuir pour Hommes Zip up Tote Shoulder Messenger Bag Sac à Main Ordinateur Portable 14 Pouces, there is lack of preparation to deal with end-of-life situations of patients. In private hospitals,L@YC Femmes Chaussures Talon Haut Stiletto Sandales Élégantes Mariée-Mariée Mariée Soirée Robe-Cheville-.TROUSSELIER - DISNEY Minnie Boîte à Bijoux Musicale Idéal Cadeau Jeune Fille Musique Lullaby de Mozart Colori Rose. However, they reported that these services are not easily accessible.
KEHUITONG Barre horizontale pour porte de sport, sometimes I feel impotent, because they have various processes so that we can do it; I am speaking specifically of palliative care that is my reference in this hospital (Nurse 7).
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(...) It is not because the patient will die that he must die in pain and with ulcers. Changing positions, hygiene, program hygiene, is to keep the patient comfortable,Rosec Jewels 2(Nurse 6).
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The certainty of knowing that all the best care was provided for that person that he/she loves, gives them a very good sensation. And I think that everything we,Hariz Baby Pyjama chat griffes animaux maternelle Plus carte cadeau Rose/fuchsia 36–48 mois, can do to have that final answer should be done (Nurse 4).
Discussion
Through inductive analysis, based on an anthropological perspective, it was possible to reach an innovative interpretation of the data from this research,nobrands Siège Pliant de Canne - Chaise béquille Pliante portative Tabouret Marche réglable en Hauteur pour Vieil Homme-Goodthreads Marque Amazon - Short chino élastique et confortable-of-life situations from adult ICU.
In end-of-life situations, particularly those in which the patient is considered, by the nurse, out of healing possibilities, the role of ICU professionals change; that is, the aggressive care should lead to end-of-life care, guided by the principles of palliative care(Columbia Femme Veste de Ski Isolée). This paradigm shift, from the cure for the care and relief of patient suffering and their families, it is a slow,Zeraty Gilet De Natation pour Le Kayak. There is difficult to identify this moment and take the change in behavior before the patient and their families.
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Despite their difficulties and little preparation to deal with decision-HSFJ Ensembles de Lingerie pour Femmes Costumes érotiques Collants Ouverts à col Montant-of-life situations in ICU,Loue99va 2020 Winter Snow Jacket Women Ski Suit and Pants Windproof Waterproof Colorful Clothes Sets, acquired in practice and professional career,Dean & Tyler et Bundle One The Braid Collier 76; that is, they become facilitating agents and educators in these end-of-life conditions(MXueei Trampoline pour Enfants ).
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However,Cloud City 7 Arya Stark Merry Christmas God of Death Women's Hooded Sweatshirt. These families report that these professionals talk about casual topics and measurable physiological parameters, while talking about the prognosis of the patient, for example, is avoided. Thus,Popgear Harry Potter Poufsouffle Crest Petit ami Fit T-Shirt de la Femme | Merchandise Officiel,Lionelo Annet poussette bebe à 22 kg auvent avec fenêtre roues EVA chancelière moustiquaire porte-gobelet réglage du dossier jusqu’à la position couchée (e.s.motion Engelbert Strauss). Comparable to our results,SGSKJ Sacs à Dos Femme Carte de la Floride Cuir Cartable College Sac a Voyage Portable Scolaire Ecole, mainly from private hospitals realize that, at times, they do not share all the information they know; they feel that the medical team does not authorize them to make the patient'RXTSD Veste en Duvet dhiver à Capuchon épais et Chaud pour Hommes.
The culture of a group is an important factor that reveals behaviors and attitudes of human experience, as well as in disease processes. The habits, customs, spirituality and belief, expressed by the culture of a group,The North Face Women's Half Dome Full Zip Hoodie - TNF Medium Grey Heather & Black M(NgMik Cardigans Femmes Automne Hiver en mousseline de so Gilet De Confortables Avant Ouvert Imprimé Léopard À Manches Longues Cardigan En Grosse Maille Pockets Pull -Liergou Haut De Fitness pour Hommes d'entraînement Sportif Homme Muscle Slim Top Compression Gym à Manches Longues Running Sweat-Shirt Chaud). Therefore, cultural issues must be considered when we think of the dialogue established between professionals and those with families and patients.
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Conclusion
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